2011 Vol. 29, No. 4
Display Method:
2011, 29(4): 241-246,255.
Abstract:
Objective To illustrate the importance of chemometrics tools (experimental design combined with modeling and optimization) in the study on pharmaceutical preparations. Methods A wide range of publications associated with extraction condition and prescription optimizations were reviewed. It was found that the combined optimization methodology mentioned above played a very important role in the study of pharmaceutical preparations. Results The methodology based on the combination of experimental design, modeling and optimization, was a very effective tool for solving the complex optimization problems in pharmaceutical studies. With the help of experimental design, all experimental points could be arranged scientifically and reasonably, and thus in turn, only a minimal of experimental points were required; with the assist of mathematical modeling, the immanence disciplines between the experimental results and its corresponding experimental factors could be abstractively expressed and interpreted via mathematical model; with the aid of optimization, the optimal results as well as its corresponding conditions could be finally predicted. Conclusion With the rapid development of pharmaceutical preparations and its integration with other cross-disciplines, there would be more and more complex nonlinear problems which could make a wider use of the proposed combined optimization methodology.
Objective To illustrate the importance of chemometrics tools (experimental design combined with modeling and optimization) in the study on pharmaceutical preparations. Methods A wide range of publications associated with extraction condition and prescription optimizations were reviewed. It was found that the combined optimization methodology mentioned above played a very important role in the study of pharmaceutical preparations. Results The methodology based on the combination of experimental design, modeling and optimization, was a very effective tool for solving the complex optimization problems in pharmaceutical studies. With the help of experimental design, all experimental points could be arranged scientifically and reasonably, and thus in turn, only a minimal of experimental points were required; with the assist of mathematical modeling, the immanence disciplines between the experimental results and its corresponding experimental factors could be abstractively expressed and interpreted via mathematical model; with the aid of optimization, the optimal results as well as its corresponding conditions could be finally predicted. Conclusion With the rapid development of pharmaceutical preparations and its integration with other cross-disciplines, there would be more and more complex nonlinear problems which could make a wider use of the proposed combined optimization methodology.
2011, 29(4): 247-250.
Abstract:
Toxicologic biomarkers,indicating specific toxic effects, are biological changes of body when exposured to toxic doses of chemicals. Comprehensive assessment and clinical application of toxicologic biomarkers at early stage could effectively reduce the risk in drug research and development. Recently discovered toxicological biomarkers of the digestive system were intestinal fatty acid binding protein, diamine oxidase, taurine, sorbitol dehydrogenase, carboxylesterase-2, transforming growth factor β1, tissue polypeptide specific antigen, regenerating gene protein Reg4, S100 protein and serum glycoprotein YKL-40 etc.
Toxicologic biomarkers,indicating specific toxic effects, are biological changes of body when exposured to toxic doses of chemicals. Comprehensive assessment and clinical application of toxicologic biomarkers at early stage could effectively reduce the risk in drug research and development. Recently discovered toxicological biomarkers of the digestive system were intestinal fatty acid binding protein, diamine oxidase, taurine, sorbitol dehydrogenase, carboxylesterase-2, transforming growth factor β1, tissue polypeptide specific antigen, regenerating gene protein Reg4, S100 protein and serum glycoprotein YKL-40 etc.
2011, 29(4): 251-255.
Abstract:
Objective Natural products had been demonstrated with significant and extremely potent biological activities, which could provide useful leading compounds for new drug research. In recent years , it was one of the hotspots for the family planning drug research to discovery the high efficiency and good selectivity anti-fertility substance from natural products . The outline of natural product anti-fertility research was summarized concisely and the emphasis was focused on the terpenoids, alkaloids and flavonoids.
Objective Natural products had been demonstrated with significant and extremely potent biological activities, which could provide useful leading compounds for new drug research. In recent years , it was one of the hotspots for the family planning drug research to discovery the high efficiency and good selectivity anti-fertility substance from natural products . The outline of natural product anti-fertility research was summarized concisely and the emphasis was focused on the terpenoids, alkaloids and flavonoids.
2011, 29(4): 256-259,271.
Abstract:
Objective To introduce advances of metabolic engineering in lignin biosynthesis. Methods The structure of lignin, biosynthesis, systems biology and new metabolic engineering strategies were reviewed. Results & Conclusions Lignin was a phenolic polymer, which was usually located in the secondary walls of plant cells. Secondary metabolic pathways of lignin monomers had been stated, and the types and proportions of lignin monomer could be regulated by metabolic engineering.
Objective To introduce advances of metabolic engineering in lignin biosynthesis. Methods The structure of lignin, biosynthesis, systems biology and new metabolic engineering strategies were reviewed. Results & Conclusions Lignin was a phenolic polymer, which was usually located in the secondary walls of plant cells. Secondary metabolic pathways of lignin monomers had been stated, and the types and proportions of lignin monomer could be regulated by metabolic engineering.
2011, 29(4): 260-262,268.
Abstract:
Objective To develop a new type of chewing gum contained caffeine, and a method for determination of caffeine in the chewing gum. Methods the caffeine powder and sugar powder were mixed evenly. the mixtures were reconciled with the chewing gum which were then cutted, extruded ,cooled and packaged. The caffeine in the gum was extracted by boiling water bath for 1h and caffeine content was determind by HPLC. Results This type of gum tastd good and the caffeine contained in the gum was uniform; The calibration curve showed good linearity in the range, and the mean of the extraction recovery rate was 98.41 ± 2.02%. Methodology of this study met the requirements of determination. Conclusion The technology of caffeine gum was simple and available; the developed HPLC method was easy, rapid , accurate and the quality was under control.
Objective To develop a new type of chewing gum contained caffeine, and a method for determination of caffeine in the chewing gum. Methods the caffeine powder and sugar powder were mixed evenly. the mixtures were reconciled with the chewing gum which were then cutted, extruded ,cooled and packaged. The caffeine in the gum was extracted by boiling water bath for 1h and caffeine content was determind by HPLC. Results This type of gum tastd good and the caffeine contained in the gum was uniform; The calibration curve showed good linearity in the range, and the mean of the extraction recovery rate was 98.41 ± 2.02%. Methodology of this study met the requirements of determination. Conclusion The technology of caffeine gum was simple and available; the developed HPLC method was easy, rapid , accurate and the quality was under control.
2011, 29(4): 263-264,280.
Abstract:
Objective To establish the quality standard for changkang keli. Methods Coptidis rhizome , mume fructus were identified by TLC. The content of berberine hydrochloride was determined by HPLC. Results Coptidis rhizome, mume fructus could be identified by TLC. Berberine hydrochloride showed a good linear relationship at a rang of 5.59~178.88 μg/ml (r＝0.999 9). The average recovery (n=6) was 103.3% (RSD=1.26%). Conclusion The methods were accurate and quick, which could be used for the quality control of changkang keli.
Objective To establish the quality standard for changkang keli. Methods Coptidis rhizome , mume fructus were identified by TLC. The content of berberine hydrochloride was determined by HPLC. Results Coptidis rhizome, mume fructus could be identified by TLC. Berberine hydrochloride showed a good linear relationship at a rang of 5.59~178.88 μg/ml (r＝0.999 9). The average recovery (n=6) was 103.3% (RSD=1.26%). Conclusion The methods were accurate and quick, which could be used for the quality control of changkang keli.
2011, 29(4): 265-268.
Abstract:
Objective To evaluate the efficiency of different complexes of lipoplexes and anionic liposomes which mediated gene transfection to hepatoma cells(HepG2). Methods Cationic liposomes encapsulating report gene were prepared by reverse-evaporation method,which were pipetted into anionic liposomes to form complexes. The zeta potentials were measured by Zetasizer Nano ZS. Report gene expressing green fluorescent protein(GFP) was used in order to evaluate transfection efficiency of different complexes. MTT was used to measure the cytotoxicity. Results The anionic liposomes contributed to lower zeta potentials while could not effect the capability of pDNA load efficiency. The transfection efficiency of complexes was lower than that of cationic liposomes, however,the complexes presented higher cell viability. Conclusion In relation to the low cytotoxicity of the complexes, their transfection efficiency was relatively high.
Objective To evaluate the efficiency of different complexes of lipoplexes and anionic liposomes which mediated gene transfection to hepatoma cells(HepG2). Methods Cationic liposomes encapsulating report gene were prepared by reverse-evaporation method,which were pipetted into anionic liposomes to form complexes. The zeta potentials were measured by Zetasizer Nano ZS. Report gene expressing green fluorescent protein(GFP) was used in order to evaluate transfection efficiency of different complexes. MTT was used to measure the cytotoxicity. Results The anionic liposomes contributed to lower zeta potentials while could not effect the capability of pDNA load efficiency. The transfection efficiency of complexes was lower than that of cationic liposomes, however,the complexes presented higher cell viability. Conclusion In relation to the low cytotoxicity of the complexes, their transfection efficiency was relatively high.
2011, 29(4): 269-271.
Abstract:
Objective To develop a RP-HPLC method for the determination of Wilforlide in Tripterygium wilfordii multi-glucoside microemulsion. Methods The separation was performed on a Kromasil ODS C18 analytical column (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm) with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-water(90：10).The detection wavelength was 210 nm.The column temperature was room temperature. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and the sample injection volume was 20 μl. Results Wilforlide presented a good line relationship in the range of 2.0~30.0 μg/ml(r=0.999 9). The average recovery rate was (100.16±0.56)％(n=9).The average contents of Wilforlide in three batch samples were(98.92±0.92)%. Conclusion It was a sensitive, selective and reliable method for the determination of Wilforlide in Tripterygium wilfordii multi-glucoside microemulsion.
Objective To develop a RP-HPLC method for the determination of Wilforlide in Tripterygium wilfordii multi-glucoside microemulsion. Methods The separation was performed on a Kromasil ODS C18 analytical column (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm) with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-water(90：10).The detection wavelength was 210 nm.The column temperature was room temperature. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and the sample injection volume was 20 μl. Results Wilforlide presented a good line relationship in the range of 2.0~30.0 μg/ml(r=0.999 9). The average recovery rate was (100.16±0.56)％(n=9).The average contents of Wilforlide in three batch samples were(98.92±0.92)%. Conclusion It was a sensitive, selective and reliable method for the determination of Wilforlide in Tripterygium wilfordii multi-glucoside microemulsion.
2011, 29(4): 272-273,290.
Abstract:
Objective To study the antidepressant activities of Isoquercitrin on desperate rats model. Methods ICR Mice were randomly divided into control group,fluoxetine hydrochloride group , Isoquercitrin and Isoquercitrin mixture of different dose groups.The Frost Swimming Test (FST) and the Tail Suspension Test (TST) in mice were applied to evaluate antidepressant activitie. Results Compared with the control group, low dosages(0.3 mg/kg, 3mg/kg) of Isoquercitrin and 10% Isoquercitrin mixture had significantly reduced the immobility time in the behavior tests(P<0.01). Conclusions Low dosage of Isoquercitrin showed some antidepressant activities, which was related to antioxidative effect and inhibiting of adrenocortical hormones.
Objective To study the antidepressant activities of Isoquercitrin on desperate rats model. Methods ICR Mice were randomly divided into control group,fluoxetine hydrochloride group , Isoquercitrin and Isoquercitrin mixture of different dose groups.The Frost Swimming Test (FST) and the Tail Suspension Test (TST) in mice were applied to evaluate antidepressant activitie. Results Compared with the control group, low dosages(0.3 mg/kg, 3mg/kg) of Isoquercitrin and 10% Isoquercitrin mixture had significantly reduced the immobility time in the behavior tests(P<0.01). Conclusions Low dosage of Isoquercitrin showed some antidepressant activities, which was related to antioxidative effect and inhibiting of adrenocortical hormones.
2011, 29(4): 274-277,283.
Abstract:
Objective To study the anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils from the roots of G. crassicaulis Duthie ex Burkand G. scabra Bunge in vivo and in vitro. Methods The essential oils were extracted by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and the chemical components of the essential oils were analyzed by GC-MS. In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oils were investigated with a cellular model of LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cell and xylene-induced ear edema in mice. Results The essential oils were transparent and full aroma, and 29, 40 compounds were identified from G. crassicaulis and G. scabra respectively. The essential oils of G. crassicaulis and G. scabra (GCEO and GSEO) showed a good performance of inhibiting NO production and xylene-induced ear edema in mice with a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion GCEO and GSEO had excellent anti-inflammatory activities in vivo and in vitro, and thus had great potential to be further studied on the active anti-inflammatory ingredients.
Objective To study the anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils from the roots of G. crassicaulis Duthie ex Burkand G. scabra Bunge in vivo and in vitro. Methods The essential oils were extracted by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and the chemical components of the essential oils were analyzed by GC-MS. In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oils were investigated with a cellular model of LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cell and xylene-induced ear edema in mice. Results The essential oils were transparent and full aroma, and 29, 40 compounds were identified from G. crassicaulis and G. scabra respectively. The essential oils of G. crassicaulis and G. scabra (GCEO and GSEO) showed a good performance of inhibiting NO production and xylene-induced ear edema in mice with a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion GCEO and GSEO had excellent anti-inflammatory activities in vivo and in vitro, and thus had great potential to be further studied on the active anti-inflammatory ingredients.
2011, 29(4): 278-280.
Abstract:
Objective To develop a HPLC method for determining the content of Chlorogenic acid in QingRexiaozhong Oral Liquid. Methods The phenomenex Luna-C18(200 mm×4.60 mm ,5 μm)was used ;the mobile phase consisted of water-1%Acetic acid (20：80),the flow rate of 1.00 ml/min,and the detecting wavelength was 326 nm.The column temperature was at 30 ℃. Results There was a good linearity for Chlorogenic Acid in the range of 0.163 1~1.087 2 μg, r=1.000(n=5),and the average recovery rate was 100.40%, RSD=1.20%(n=9). Conclusions The method was simple,accurate,reliable and reproducible,which could be available for the quality control of QingRexiaozhong Oral Liquid
Objective To develop a HPLC method for determining the content of Chlorogenic acid in QingRexiaozhong Oral Liquid. Methods The phenomenex Luna-C18(200 mm×4.60 mm ,5 μm)was used ;the mobile phase consisted of water-1%Acetic acid (20：80),the flow rate of 1.00 ml/min,and the detecting wavelength was 326 nm.The column temperature was at 30 ℃. Results There was a good linearity for Chlorogenic Acid in the range of 0.163 1~1.087 2 μg, r=1.000(n=5),and the average recovery rate was 100.40%, RSD=1.20%(n=9). Conclusions The method was simple,accurate,reliable and reproducible,which could be available for the quality control of QingRexiaozhong Oral Liquid
2011, 29(4): 281-283.
Abstract:
Objective To evaluate the uncertainty of measurement for determination of Ceftriaxone by HPLC. Methods The content of Ceftriaxone was determined by HPLC .The mathematical model was established to analyze the source of uncertaint. Results Every component of uncertainty was evaluated through the variable parameters among the procedures . The combined standard uncertainty was finally obtained by synthesizing the uncertainties of all variables. Conclusion The statistical approach of measurement uncertainty established in this paper was reasonable and reliable.
Objective To evaluate the uncertainty of measurement for determination of Ceftriaxone by HPLC. Methods The content of Ceftriaxone was determined by HPLC .The mathematical model was established to analyze the source of uncertaint. Results Every component of uncertainty was evaluated through the variable parameters among the procedures . The combined standard uncertainty was finally obtained by synthesizing the uncertainties of all variables. Conclusion The statistical approach of measurement uncertainty established in this paper was reasonable and reliable.
2011, 29(4): 284-284,314.
Abstract:
Objective To isolate and identify the compounds from the Ampelopsis japonica(Thunb.) Makino. Methods The compounds were separated and purified by column chromatography and their structures were established by spectroscopic methods. Results Seven compounds were obtained from the chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of the Ampelopsis japonica(Thunb.) Makino which were determined as Methyl-α-D-frucofuranoside (1), Methyl-β-D-frucofuranoside (2), Methyl-β-D-frucopyranoside (3),Methyl-β-D-frucofuranose(4),Uridine(5),Adenosine(6),Emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7). Conclusion Compounds 1,2,3,4,5,6 were isolated from the Ampelopsis japonica(Thunb.) Makino for the first time.
Objective To isolate and identify the compounds from the Ampelopsis japonica(Thunb.) Makino. Methods The compounds were separated and purified by column chromatography and their structures were established by spectroscopic methods. Results Seven compounds were obtained from the chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of the Ampelopsis japonica(Thunb.) Makino which were determined as Methyl-α-D-frucofuranoside (1), Methyl-β-D-frucofuranoside (2), Methyl-β-D-frucopyranoside (3),Methyl-β-D-frucofuranose(4),Uridine(5),Adenosine(6),Emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7). Conclusion Compounds 1,2,3,4,5,6 were isolated from the Ampelopsis japonica(Thunb.) Makino for the first time.
2011, 29(4): 285-286,317.
Abstract:
Objective To study the chemical constituents of Cortex Meliae. Methods Chromatographic techniques were employed to isolate and purify the chemical constituents of Cortex Meliae. Structures of the chemical constituents were elucidated by methods of IR, MS and NMR. Results Five compounds were isolated and identified as kulolactone (1), methyl kulonate (2), salanin (3), 1-tigloyltrichilinin (4) and β-sitosterol (5), respectively. Conclusion Compound 4 was a new limonoid and named as 1-tigloyltrichilinin.
Objective To study the chemical constituents of Cortex Meliae. Methods Chromatographic techniques were employed to isolate and purify the chemical constituents of Cortex Meliae. Structures of the chemical constituents were elucidated by methods of IR, MS and NMR. Results Five compounds were isolated and identified as kulolactone (1), methyl kulonate (2), salanin (3), 1-tigloyltrichilinin (4) and β-sitosterol (5), respectively. Conclusion Compound 4 was a new limonoid and named as 1-tigloyltrichilinin.
2011, 29(4): 287-290.
Abstract:
Objective To study the chemical constituents in Rubus corchorifolius. Methods Chromatography on silica gel column,Sephadex LH-20 columm,recrystallization and preparative HPLC technique were used to isolate and purify the compounds.Spectroscopy methods including UV, IR, EI-MS, ES-MS and NMR were used to elucidate the structures of compounds. Results Ten compounds were obtained and identified as: stigmasterol (1), beta-sitosterol (2), daucosterol (3), 4-hydro-3-methlbenzal acid (4), apigenin (5), luteolin (6), Homofukinolide (7), Bakkenolide-B (8), Bakkenolide-D (9), 3,5,9-trihydroxy-7,8-dihydrocyclopenta[g]chromene-2,6-dione(10). Conclusion Compound 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 were isolated from Rubus corchorifolius for the first time. Compound 10 was a new compound.
Objective To study the chemical constituents in Rubus corchorifolius. Methods Chromatography on silica gel column,Sephadex LH-20 columm,recrystallization and preparative HPLC technique were used to isolate and purify the compounds.Spectroscopy methods including UV, IR, EI-MS, ES-MS and NMR were used to elucidate the structures of compounds. Results Ten compounds were obtained and identified as: stigmasterol (1), beta-sitosterol (2), daucosterol (3), 4-hydro-3-methlbenzal acid (4), apigenin (5), luteolin (6), Homofukinolide (7), Bakkenolide-B (8), Bakkenolide-D (9), 3,5,9-trihydroxy-7,8-dihydrocyclopenta[g]chromene-2,6-dione(10). Conclusion Compound 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 were isolated from Rubus corchorifolius for the first time. Compound 10 was a new compound.
2011, 29(4): 291-293,295.
Abstract:
Objective To provide theory bases for further interference aiming at clinical using drugs rationally. Methods in order to find out and evaluate the main manifestations of clinical inconsequence use of anti- infective drugs, the records of typical irrational use of anti-infective drugs from drug selection, usage and dosage, drug interactions, compatibility taboos were collected and analyzed in the department of osteology of our hospital. Results There are many shortcomings in the use of antimicrobial drugs in clinical. Conclusions The irrational utilization of antibiotics remains to be improved. Clinical pharmacists can play a positive role in the rational use of antimicrobial drugs.
Objective To provide theory bases for further interference aiming at clinical using drugs rationally. Methods in order to find out and evaluate the main manifestations of clinical inconsequence use of anti- infective drugs, the records of typical irrational use of anti-infective drugs from drug selection, usage and dosage, drug interactions, compatibility taboos were collected and analyzed in the department of osteology of our hospital. Results There are many shortcomings in the use of antimicrobial drugs in clinical. Conclusions The irrational utilization of antibiotics remains to be improved. Clinical pharmacists can play a positive role in the rational use of antimicrobial drugs.
2011, 29(4): 296-297,303.
Abstract:
In 2009,the new health care system reform formally proposed a medicine service fee as one of the compensation means for cancelling drug price addition in hospital. But, the people of all circles had different understanding of medicine service fee and its charging method. In 2010, the interpretation of person in charge of medical reform of the Ministry of Health and the projects of medicine service fee carried out in pilot provinces such as Guangdong Province gave us the answer.
In 2009,the new health care system reform formally proposed a medicine service fee as one of the compensation means for cancelling drug price addition in hospital. But, the people of all circles had different understanding of medicine service fee and its charging method. In 2010, the interpretation of person in charge of medical reform of the Ministry of Health and the projects of medicine service fee carried out in pilot provinces such as Guangdong Province gave us the answer.
2011, 29(4): 298-299,320.
Abstract:
Objective To discuss the method and process of prescription evaluation and establish evaluation process of rational utility of antimicrobial drug in the emergency. Methods The prescribing information and emergency medical information of Cefepime hydrochloride for injection were collected and analyzed. The trend of drug consumption, indications, programs and medication procedures. were assessed. Results The Cefepime hydrochloride for injection was used in treatment of biliary tract infections and surgical traumas, most of which were depended on experience and a clear indication for drugs. The ratio of rational utility was 91.80%. The ratio of combined rational utility was 87.83%. The ratio of regulate application was 20.18%. The utility of Cefepime hydrochloride for injection should be interfered. Conclusion The assessment process of antibiotic drugs in emergency department had overcome the limitations of prescription evaluation which fully considered the infection surveillance and complexity of the disease. The process was more reasonable on objective assessment of drug use.
Objective To discuss the method and process of prescription evaluation and establish evaluation process of rational utility of antimicrobial drug in the emergency. Methods The prescribing information and emergency medical information of Cefepime hydrochloride for injection were collected and analyzed. The trend of drug consumption, indications, programs and medication procedures. were assessed. Results The Cefepime hydrochloride for injection was used in treatment of biliary tract infections and surgical traumas, most of which were depended on experience and a clear indication for drugs. The ratio of rational utility was 91.80%. The ratio of combined rational utility was 87.83%. The ratio of regulate application was 20.18%. The utility of Cefepime hydrochloride for injection should be interfered. Conclusion The assessment process of antibiotic drugs in emergency department had overcome the limitations of prescription evaluation which fully considered the infection surveillance and complexity of the disease. The process was more reasonable on objective assessment of drug use.
2011, 29(4): 300-303.
Abstract:
Objective To strengthen administration and reduce drug return through analyzing the outpatient and emergency drug return. Methods The data of 220 cases of drug return from October of 2009 to July of 2010 were analyzed statistically. Results The main reasons of drug return included adverse drug reaction(ADR), a factor of doctor, poor drug compliance of patients and disease change, etc. Conclusion In order to reduce the incidence of drug return ,strict system of drug return should be established for standardizing doctor's drug utilization behavior, and the communication between doctor and patient should be strengthened to improve the drug compliance of patients.
Objective To strengthen administration and reduce drug return through analyzing the outpatient and emergency drug return. Methods The data of 220 cases of drug return from October of 2009 to July of 2010 were analyzed statistically. Results The main reasons of drug return included adverse drug reaction(ADR), a factor of doctor, poor drug compliance of patients and disease change, etc. Conclusion In order to reduce the incidence of drug return ,strict system of drug return should be established for standardizing doctor's drug utilization behavior, and the communication between doctor and patient should be strengthened to improve the drug compliance of patients.
2011, 29(4): 304-305.
Abstract:
Objective To facilitate the application of EpiData software in pharmacy information management. Methods Epidata Entry was used to record pharmacy information data.The logging data and process were controlled by editing check files. Then the data were analyzed by Epidata analysis software. Results The Epidata Entry software was benefit for the pharmacy information record and management, and was convenient for data analysis. Conclusion The combination of Epidata Entry and Epidata Analysis was benefit for the pharmacy information management and analysis which would be a useful means to be applied in pharmacy department.
Objective To facilitate the application of EpiData software in pharmacy information management. Methods Epidata Entry was used to record pharmacy information data.The logging data and process were controlled by editing check files. Then the data were analyzed by Epidata analysis software. Results The Epidata Entry software was benefit for the pharmacy information record and management, and was convenient for data analysis. Conclusion The combination of Epidata Entry and Epidata Analysis was benefit for the pharmacy information management and analysis which would be a useful means to be applied in pharmacy department.
2011, 29(4): 306-308,311.
Abstract:
Objective To describe the factors of confusions between drug trade names and drug registered names that might lead to medication errors. Methods Drug trade names data are collected from the shared database at State Food and Drug Administration website. The drug names are matched to find out if they were sound-alike or look-alike. Results 7 323 trade name records were collected and 3 462(47.3%) of them were those one trade name for one drug products. Further experiment indicates that 10 groups trade names among the records were different international nonproprietary names that share one trade name with each other. 70 groups were look-alike and 122 groups were sound-alike. 316 of 384 randomly selected trade names were registered. Some registered names were the same as some trade names but for different international nonproprietary name drugs respectively. Conclusion The factors that different names share one drug, different drugs share one name, sound-alike names and look-alike names are common, which is thought to be the contributing cause of medication errors. More attention should be paid on drug trade names to minimize the risk of wrong-selecting, wrong-dispensing and wrong-administrating drugs. Regulation should be established on designing appropriate drug names as well.
Objective To describe the factors of confusions between drug trade names and drug registered names that might lead to medication errors. Methods Drug trade names data are collected from the shared database at State Food and Drug Administration website. The drug names are matched to find out if they were sound-alike or look-alike. Results 7 323 trade name records were collected and 3 462(47.3%) of them were those one trade name for one drug products. Further experiment indicates that 10 groups trade names among the records were different international nonproprietary names that share one trade name with each other. 70 groups were look-alike and 122 groups were sound-alike. 316 of 384 randomly selected trade names were registered. Some registered names were the same as some trade names but for different international nonproprietary name drugs respectively. Conclusion The factors that different names share one drug, different drugs share one name, sound-alike names and look-alike names are common, which is thought to be the contributing cause of medication errors. More attention should be paid on drug trade names to minimize the risk of wrong-selecting, wrong-dispensing and wrong-administrating drugs. Regulation should be established on designing appropriate drug names as well.
2011, 29(4): 309-311.
Abstract:
To analyze the problem and status of the health food market in Shanghai. Suggestions on the safety and supervision of edible traditional Chinese medicine were given to promote the health food market.
To analyze the problem and status of the health food market in Shanghai. Suggestions on the safety and supervision of edible traditional Chinese medicine were given to promote the health food market.
2011, 29(4): 312-314.
Abstract:
Objective To improve students' comprehensive practical ability of pharmacy by experiments reformation. Methods Based on the chemical synthesis and pharmacology experiments, the experiments of Acetylsalicylic Acid Tables in production, quality standard, pilotscale and pharmacokinetics in rabbits were added and restructured in pharmaceutics courses. Results and Conclusion By performance of comprehensive experiments, some specialized subject courses of pharmacy were integrated and associated. The pilotscale experiments that connect courses and production consummated experimental teaching of pharmaceutics and improved students' comprehensive practical ability of pharmacy.
Objective To improve students' comprehensive practical ability of pharmacy by experiments reformation. Methods Based on the chemical synthesis and pharmacology experiments, the experiments of Acetylsalicylic Acid Tables in production, quality standard, pilotscale and pharmacokinetics in rabbits were added and restructured in pharmaceutics courses. Results and Conclusion By performance of comprehensive experiments, some specialized subject courses of pharmacy were integrated and associated. The pilotscale experiments that connect courses and production consummated experimental teaching of pharmaceutics and improved students' comprehensive practical ability of pharmacy.
2011, 29(4): 315-317.
Abstract:
To reform the experiment for the prediction of drug validity duration and drug stability. A new teaching model was established. The traditional experiment scheme was improved, which achieved good results, so as to train pharmacy undergraduate students with information-using capacity, independent thinking ability, the analyzing and solving problems ability , communication and cooperation ability which laid the foundation for future research work. It had great significance to the cultivation of scientific research ability in pharmacy students.
To reform the experiment for the prediction of drug validity duration and drug stability. A new teaching model was established. The traditional experiment scheme was improved, which achieved good results, so as to train pharmacy undergraduate students with information-using capacity, independent thinking ability, the analyzing and solving problems ability , communication and cooperation ability which laid the foundation for future research work. It had great significance to the cultivation of scientific research ability in pharmacy students.
2011, 29(4): 318-320.
Abstract:
Teaching assistant (TA) mode had been broadly applied in the educational process in the university of western countries. The author had joined the TA program in organic chemistry course in USA. How to manage teaching assistants mode to improving the quality of teach in three parts were introduced. The teaching assistant mode should be extended to the education in China.
Teaching assistant (TA) mode had been broadly applied in the educational process in the university of western countries. The author had joined the TA program in organic chemistry course in USA. How to manage teaching assistants mode to improving the quality of teach in three parts were introduced. The teaching assistant mode should be extended to the education in China.
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