2015 Vol. 33, No. 4
Display Method:
2015, 33(4): 289-292,327.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.001
Abstract:
Cell co-culture system can better simulate the inner environment of human body, predict drug transport and metabolism in intestinal environment and increase the relation between in vitro cell model and integral animal test. In recent years, co-culture cell model plays an increasingly important role in evaluating the absorption of oral drugs, which becomes the highlight in the evaluation of drug oral absorption during new drug discovery. This essay summarized co-culture cell model which simulates intestinal environment and their application, and looked into the future of their application in evaluating oral drug intestinal absorption during oral drug discovery.
Cell co-culture system can better simulate the inner environment of human body, predict drug transport and metabolism in intestinal environment and increase the relation between in vitro cell model and integral animal test. In recent years, co-culture cell model plays an increasingly important role in evaluating the absorption of oral drugs, which becomes the highlight in the evaluation of drug oral absorption during new drug discovery. This essay summarized co-culture cell model which simulates intestinal environment and their application, and looked into the future of their application in evaluating oral drug intestinal absorption during oral drug discovery.
2015, 33(4): 293-297,346.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.002
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Combining the classic pharmacokinetic principles and statistical methods, population pharmacokinetics (PPK) can predict individual pharmacokinetic parameters accurately with sparse data in patients, which may be used for monitoring drug concentration in patients and realizing individual dose regimen. In this article, we review the recent application of PPK in drugs with narrow therapeutic windows or great individual differences, combining medication, medication in special populations and so on, providing useful information for further investigation of PPK and its application in clinical medication.
Combining the classic pharmacokinetic principles and statistical methods, population pharmacokinetics (PPK) can predict individual pharmacokinetic parameters accurately with sparse data in patients, which may be used for monitoring drug concentration in patients and realizing individual dose regimen. In this article, we review the recent application of PPK in drugs with narrow therapeutic windows or great individual differences, combining medication, medication in special populations and so on, providing useful information for further investigation of PPK and its application in clinical medication.
2015, 33(4): 298-302.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.003
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Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase Ⅰ (TdpⅠ) is a recently discovered proteinthat catalyzes the hydrolysis of 3'-phosphotyrosyl bonds. Such linkages form in vivo during the interaction of DNA and topoisomerase Ⅰ (TopⅠ). TdpⅠ has been regarded as a potential therapeutic co-target of TopⅠ because it has the functions of repairing TopⅠ compound and counteracting the effects of TopⅠ inhibitors. TdpⅠ inhibitors can not only synergizing with TopⅠ-targeting drugs (camptothecins), but also strength the function of bleomycin, topoisomerase Ⅱ (TopⅡ) inhibitors (etoposide, doxorubicin) and DNA alkylating agents. We summarized the researching advance of TdpⅠ inhibitors and focused on the introduction of the mechanism, bioactivity and structure-activity relationship.
Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase Ⅰ (TdpⅠ) is a recently discovered proteinthat catalyzes the hydrolysis of 3'-phosphotyrosyl bonds. Such linkages form in vivo during the interaction of DNA and topoisomerase Ⅰ (TopⅠ). TdpⅠ has been regarded as a potential therapeutic co-target of TopⅠ because it has the functions of repairing TopⅠ compound and counteracting the effects of TopⅠ inhibitors. TdpⅠ inhibitors can not only synergizing with TopⅠ-targeting drugs (camptothecins), but also strength the function of bleomycin, topoisomerase Ⅱ (TopⅡ) inhibitors (etoposide, doxorubicin) and DNA alkylating agents. We summarized the researching advance of TdpⅠ inhibitors and focused on the introduction of the mechanism, bioactivity and structure-activity relationship.
2015, 33(4): 303-308,379.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.004
Abstract:
DNA topoisomerases (Tops) are essential enzymes that regulate the cellular processes such as replication, transcription, recombination and repair. DNA Tops can be classified into two types, topoisomerase Ⅰ (TopⅠ) and topoisomerase Ⅱ (TopⅡ). They catalyze the breakage and religation of DNA, maintaining the topological changes of DNA and various DNA metabolic processes. Due to their important role in DNA metabolism, the ability to interfere with the functions of Tops or generating Top-mediated DNA damage is an effective strategy for cancer chemotherapy. Tops have been considered as the most important targets for tumor chemotherapy. In this review, we used examples to describe the development of dual topoisomerase Ⅰ and Ⅱ inhibitors.
DNA topoisomerases (Tops) are essential enzymes that regulate the cellular processes such as replication, transcription, recombination and repair. DNA Tops can be classified into two types, topoisomerase Ⅰ (TopⅠ) and topoisomerase Ⅱ (TopⅡ). They catalyze the breakage and religation of DNA, maintaining the topological changes of DNA and various DNA metabolic processes. Due to their important role in DNA metabolism, the ability to interfere with the functions of Tops or generating Top-mediated DNA damage is an effective strategy for cancer chemotherapy. Tops have been considered as the most important targets for tumor chemotherapy. In this review, we used examples to describe the development of dual topoisomerase Ⅰ and Ⅱ inhibitors.
2015, 33(4): 309-312,375.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.005
Abstract:
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs),also known as neuronal nicotinic receptors,are widely expressed throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. nAChRs play crucial roles in pain signaling. Recently, agonists that target specific nAChR subtypes have shown substantial efficacy in a wide range of acute and chronic pain models, contributing to developing novel analgesic drugs with low drug dependence. Positive allosteric modulators offer new approaches for increasing the potency and therapeutic window of these drugs. This review summarizes the advances in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as analgesic targets and anticipate the future directions in this field.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs),also known as neuronal nicotinic receptors,are widely expressed throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. nAChRs play crucial roles in pain signaling. Recently, agonists that target specific nAChR subtypes have shown substantial efficacy in a wide range of acute and chronic pain models, contributing to developing novel analgesic drugs with low drug dependence. Positive allosteric modulators offer new approaches for increasing the potency and therapeutic window of these drugs. This review summarizes the advances in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as analgesic targets and anticipate the future directions in this field.
2015, 33(4): 313-315,323.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.006
Abstract:
Objective To introduce the major pharmacological effects and research progress of benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines alkaloids. Methods The compounds structure, biological activity, mechanism and clinical applications of benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines were reviewed based on the domestic and foreign research literatures in recent years. Results Benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines alkaloids exhibit many pharmacological activities. Researches and clinic applications on anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-pathogen have been developed rapidly. Conclusion Benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines alkaloids have exhibited abundant biological activities. Studying its pharmacological effects can further the understanding of its pharmacological characteristics and application prospects, and provide thoughts and enlightenment for drug development in this field.
Objective To introduce the major pharmacological effects and research progress of benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines alkaloids. Methods The compounds structure, biological activity, mechanism and clinical applications of benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines were reviewed based on the domestic and foreign research literatures in recent years. Results Benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines alkaloids exhibit many pharmacological activities. Researches and clinic applications on anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and anti-pathogen have been developed rapidly. Conclusion Benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines alkaloids have exhibited abundant biological activities. Studying its pharmacological effects can further the understanding of its pharmacological characteristics and application prospects, and provide thoughts and enlightenment for drug development in this field.
2015, 33(4): 316-318,350.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.007
Abstract:
Objective To study the effect of litchi saponin and flavones on glycometabolism in insulin resistance model of HepG2 cells. Methods Using high insulin in HepG2 cells to establish a cell model of insulin resistance. Cell model was treated by litchi saponin, litchi flavones and rosiglitazone, respectively. Glucose concentration of cell culture supernatant was detected by glucose oxidase method. Results In the concentration of 10-6 mol/L insulin for 24 hours, HepG2 reached the highest level of resistant to insulin, which means a successful insulin resistance cell model was established. However, no significant decrease in glucose concentration of cell culture supernatant was observed with litchi saponin and flavones. Conclusion This study suggests that litchi saponin and flavones have no effect to improve insulin resistance.
Objective To study the effect of litchi saponin and flavones on glycometabolism in insulin resistance model of HepG2 cells. Methods Using high insulin in HepG2 cells to establish a cell model of insulin resistance. Cell model was treated by litchi saponin, litchi flavones and rosiglitazone, respectively. Glucose concentration of cell culture supernatant was detected by glucose oxidase method. Results In the concentration of 10-6 mol/L insulin for 24 hours, HepG2 reached the highest level of resistant to insulin, which means a successful insulin resistance cell model was established. However, no significant decrease in glucose concentration of cell culture supernatant was observed with litchi saponin and flavones. Conclusion This study suggests that litchi saponin and flavones have no effect to improve insulin resistance.
2015, 33(4): 319-323.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.008
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Objective To prepare and optimize insulin-loaded N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles via orthogonal design, and preliminarily study the effects on blood glucose level. Methods The insulin-loaded N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles(INS-NPs) were prepared by ionic gelation, and the optimal proportion was obtained with orthogonal design. The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and zeta/sizer nano analyzer. The entrapment efficiency of insulin-loaded nanoparticles and the in vitro releasing characteristics were studied by HPLC. A preliminary pharmacodynamic study of the insulin-loaded nanoparticles was also carried out. Results The INS-NPs exhibited narrow distribution. The mean diameter of INS-NPs was (63.26±1.88)nm, while the entrapment efficiency was (37.92±2.11)%. After 8 hours of subcutaneous injection of the INS-NPs, the blood glucose level in diabetic rats decreased to normal level and kept stable. Conclusion The optimized insulin-loaded nanoparticles had homogeneous spherical shape, small size, and could be a new approach of administration for insulin.
Objective To prepare and optimize insulin-loaded N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles via orthogonal design, and preliminarily study the effects on blood glucose level. Methods The insulin-loaded N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles(INS-NPs) were prepared by ionic gelation, and the optimal proportion was obtained with orthogonal design. The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and zeta/sizer nano analyzer. The entrapment efficiency of insulin-loaded nanoparticles and the in vitro releasing characteristics were studied by HPLC. A preliminary pharmacodynamic study of the insulin-loaded nanoparticles was also carried out. Results The INS-NPs exhibited narrow distribution. The mean diameter of INS-NPs was (63.26±1.88)nm, while the entrapment efficiency was (37.92±2.11)%. After 8 hours of subcutaneous injection of the INS-NPs, the blood glucose level in diabetic rats decreased to normal level and kept stable. Conclusion The optimized insulin-loaded nanoparticles had homogeneous spherical shape, small size, and could be a new approach of administration for insulin.
2015, 33(4): 324-327.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.009
Abstract:
Objective To study the hypoglycemic activity of semen Trichosanthis oil(STO) and the mechanism on diabetic mice. Methods The alloxan-induced diabetic mice were divided into different groups and given different dose of STO by gavage for 4 weeks, the changes of body weight and fasting blood glucose were investigated every week. Blood serum was drawn to determine TC, TG, NO, NOS and insulin. In addition, the effect of STO on glucose tolerance were also investigated in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Results STO can dose dependently reduce the levels of blood glucose and increase the body weight when it was administrated orally at 5,10,20 ml·kg-1, can increase insulin and lower TC,TG,NO,NOS in blood serum, and also can improve glucose tolerance in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Conclusion STO may potentiate the hypoglycemic effect,and can improve glucose tolerance. The hypoglycemic activity of STO may be related with increasing insulin and decreasing NO and NOS in blood serum.
Objective To study the hypoglycemic activity of semen Trichosanthis oil(STO) and the mechanism on diabetic mice. Methods The alloxan-induced diabetic mice were divided into different groups and given different dose of STO by gavage for 4 weeks, the changes of body weight and fasting blood glucose were investigated every week. Blood serum was drawn to determine TC, TG, NO, NOS and insulin. In addition, the effect of STO on glucose tolerance were also investigated in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Results STO can dose dependently reduce the levels of blood glucose and increase the body weight when it was administrated orally at 5,10,20 ml·kg-1, can increase insulin and lower TC,TG,NO,NOS in blood serum, and also can improve glucose tolerance in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Conclusion STO may potentiate the hypoglycemic effect,and can improve glucose tolerance. The hypoglycemic activity of STO may be related with increasing insulin and decreasing NO and NOS in blood serum.
2015, 33(4): 328-330,358.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.010
Abstract:
Objective To explore the in vitro fungistasis of nanometer silvers made by different methods on Candida albicans. Methods The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Candida albicans strains stimulated to silver nanoparticles were determined by microdilution method.The combination effects of silver nanoparticles with fluconazole were determined by chess board check assay. Results The inhabitation effect of two kinds of silver nanoparticles were different on the growth of Candida albicans.Silver nanoparticles had a synergistic effect with fluconazole on Candida albicans. Conclusion The two kinds of silver nanoparticles had various antifungal activities in vitro and had a synergistic effect with fluconazole on Candida albicans.
Objective To explore the in vitro fungistasis of nanometer silvers made by different methods on Candida albicans. Methods The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Candida albicans strains stimulated to silver nanoparticles were determined by microdilution method.The combination effects of silver nanoparticles with fluconazole were determined by chess board check assay. Results The inhabitation effect of two kinds of silver nanoparticles were different on the growth of Candida albicans.Silver nanoparticles had a synergistic effect with fluconazole on Candida albicans. Conclusion The two kinds of silver nanoparticles had various antifungal activities in vitro and had a synergistic effect with fluconazole on Candida albicans.
2015, 33(4): 331-333.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.011
Abstract:
Objective To complete the synthesis of the natural product of crinumaquine. Methods 3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine and 2,5-dimthoxyphenylacetic were taken as starting material, and chemical reactions of condensation, cyclization, reduction, oxidation and other reactions were conducted. Results and Conclusion The optimum synthetic route was determinedunder which the final yield rate was 73%.
Objective To complete the synthesis of the natural product of crinumaquine. Methods 3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylamine and 2,5-dimthoxyphenylacetic were taken as starting material, and chemical reactions of condensation, cyclization, reduction, oxidation and other reactions were conducted. Results and Conclusion The optimum synthetic route was determinedunder which the final yield rate was 73%.
2015, 33(4): 334-337.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.012
Abstract:
Objective To build an identification method for Norvascand its counterfeit drugs based on the differences of their pharmaceutical excipients with the original and generic Amlodipine besylatetablets as tools. Methods Raman spectra of pharmaceutical excipients which were usually used in tablets were collected.Similarity algorithm and characteristic Raman bands were used to search the excipients contained in the tablets. If the excipients was not the same as excipients contained in Norvasc, the tablet was judged as counterfeit drugs. Otherwise, principal component analysis was used to identify counterfeit and generic. Results and conclusion The method based on Raman spectra of pharmaceutical excipients could identify Norvasc and counterfeit drugs efficiently and accurately.
Objective To build an identification method for Norvascand its counterfeit drugs based on the differences of their pharmaceutical excipients with the original and generic Amlodipine besylatetablets as tools. Methods Raman spectra of pharmaceutical excipients which were usually used in tablets were collected.Similarity algorithm and characteristic Raman bands were used to search the excipients contained in the tablets. If the excipients was not the same as excipients contained in Norvasc, the tablet was judged as counterfeit drugs. Otherwise, principal component analysis was used to identify counterfeit and generic. Results and conclusion The method based on Raman spectra of pharmaceutical excipients could identify Norvasc and counterfeit drugs efficiently and accurately.
2015, 33(4): 338-340,369.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.013
Abstract:
Objective To optimize the extraction technology of flos Puerariae lobata isoflavone. Methods The flos Puerariae lobata isoflavone was distilled by ethanol circumfluence. Total flavonoids, tectoridin and tectorigenin extracted from Puerariae using the UV and HPLC spectromertry methods were taken as evaluation indexes. Extraction technology was optimized with L9(34) orthogonal test on the base of single observation of ethanol concentration, solvent dosage and distilling time. Results The best extraction technology of flos Puerariae lobata isoflavone was: to add 12 times the amount of 70% ethanol for 90 minutes for the first time, and 10 times the amount of 70% ethanol for 60 minutes for the second time. Conclusion The optimized extraction process of flos Puerariae lobata isoflavone is reasonable and feasible, and it can offer reference to actual production.
Objective To optimize the extraction technology of flos Puerariae lobata isoflavone. Methods The flos Puerariae lobata isoflavone was distilled by ethanol circumfluence. Total flavonoids, tectoridin and tectorigenin extracted from Puerariae using the UV and HPLC spectromertry methods were taken as evaluation indexes. Extraction technology was optimized with L9(34) orthogonal test on the base of single observation of ethanol concentration, solvent dosage and distilling time. Results The best extraction technology of flos Puerariae lobata isoflavone was: to add 12 times the amount of 70% ethanol for 90 minutes for the first time, and 10 times the amount of 70% ethanol for 60 minutes for the second time. Conclusion The optimized extraction process of flos Puerariae lobata isoflavone is reasonable and feasible, and it can offer reference to actual production.
2015, 33(4): 341-346.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.014
Abstract:
Objective To evaluate the effects of sevoflurane on learning and memory of neonatal mice. Methods 122 neonatalmice (7 days postnatal) were included in this study.72 of them were exposed to sevoflurane (1.0 or 0.5MAC,minimum alveolar concentration) or 40% O2 for 2 h(hours). Morris water maze was performed 4 and 12 weeks after anesthesia. Latency and swimming speed during training, time on island and times across island during the research were recorded. The rest 50 mice was used in artery blood analysis during sevoflurane (1.0 or 0.5 MAC, 0,1,2 h). Results pH,PaO2, PaCO2, SaO2 were stable during anesthesia. Latency in control group were significantly shorter than the two anesthesia groups 4 weeks after anesthesia and 3 days after the training. During the last 2 training days, the latency in 1.0 MAC sevoflurane-exposed mice were significantly longer than that of the 0.5 MAC group.12 weeks after anesthesia, the latency was still significantly longer in 1.0 MAC sevoflurane-exposed mice on the last training day. The time on island and/or times across island were significantly decreased in anesthesia groupsduring theresearch performed 4 weeks and 12 weeks after anesthesia. Conclusion Early exposure to sevoflurane leads to a concentration and time-depended persistent learning and memory deficits to neonatal mice.
Objective To evaluate the effects of sevoflurane on learning and memory of neonatal mice. Methods 122 neonatalmice (7 days postnatal) were included in this study.72 of them were exposed to sevoflurane (1.0 or 0.5MAC,minimum alveolar concentration) or 40% O2 for 2 h(hours). Morris water maze was performed 4 and 12 weeks after anesthesia. Latency and swimming speed during training, time on island and times across island during the research were recorded. The rest 50 mice was used in artery blood analysis during sevoflurane (1.0 or 0.5 MAC, 0,1,2 h). Results pH,PaO2, PaCO2, SaO2 were stable during anesthesia. Latency in control group were significantly shorter than the two anesthesia groups 4 weeks after anesthesia and 3 days after the training. During the last 2 training days, the latency in 1.0 MAC sevoflurane-exposed mice were significantly longer than that of the 0.5 MAC group.12 weeks after anesthesia, the latency was still significantly longer in 1.0 MAC sevoflurane-exposed mice on the last training day. The time on island and/or times across island were significantly decreased in anesthesia groupsduring theresearch performed 4 weeks and 12 weeks after anesthesia. Conclusion Early exposure to sevoflurane leads to a concentration and time-depended persistent learning and memory deficits to neonatal mice.
2015, 33(4): 347-350.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.015
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the psychological measurement index for the effectiveness and discrimination of drug packaging (color code) in the medicine for self-aid and mutual-aid. Methods The classical priming paradigm was used to investigate whether there were influences on the recognition accuracy (ACC) and reaction time (RT) by memorizing the characteristics of three series of color code, with a 2 (relevant or irrelevant priming)×3 (color code categories) within subject experimental design. Results ① The recognition (RT) of the relevant-priming group was 1 387.18 ms, compared with the irrelevant-priming group 1 475.12 ms. The independent two-sample t-test showed statistically significant difference between the relevant-priming and irrelevant-priming groups (t=2.264,P=0.02). ② The analysis of variance of factorial design showed a significant difference among the three series in the recognition (RT) (F=9.945,P<0.001). The priming effect was significant in color code 1 and 3, while not significant in color code 2. ③ The recognition (RT) in color code 2 was different by the judgment task: using directivesP value for the priming effect was 0.03,0.21 and 0.7 in the judgment task for using directives, class-1 categorical attributes and class-2 categorical attributes. The priming effect was significant in using directives, while not significant in class-1 categorical attributes and class-2 categorical attributes. Conclusion The priming effect of the characteristic of the color code is significant, and the characteristic of the color code can promote the process of memorization of the medicine for self-aid and mutual-aid.
Objective To investigate the psychological measurement index for the effectiveness and discrimination of drug packaging (color code) in the medicine for self-aid and mutual-aid. Methods The classical priming paradigm was used to investigate whether there were influences on the recognition accuracy (ACC) and reaction time (RT) by memorizing the characteristics of three series of color code, with a 2 (relevant or irrelevant priming)×3 (color code categories) within subject experimental design. Results ① The recognition (RT) of the relevant-priming group was 1 387.18 ms, compared with the irrelevant-priming group 1 475.12 ms. The independent two-sample t-test showed statistically significant difference between the relevant-priming and irrelevant-priming groups (t=2.264,P=0.02). ② The analysis of variance of factorial design showed a significant difference among the three series in the recognition (RT) (F=9.945,P<0.001). The priming effect was significant in color code 1 and 3, while not significant in color code 2. ③ The recognition (RT) in color code 2 was different by the judgment task: using directives
2015, 33(4): 351-355.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.016
Abstract:
Objective To compare the co-prescribing patterns of antibacterials between clinic and ER in a tertiary hospital and mine the association rules among drugs in outpatient and emergency prescriptions. Methods The prescribing data of 2009 were sampled and the prescription drugs were classified according to the anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) subgroup code. IBM PASW ® Modeler 14 was used for data processing and statistics, and the Apriori association analysis model was established to carry out data mining. Results There were differences between outpatient and emergency prescriptions with anti-microbial in average number of drug items and antibacterials items, as well as in the distribution of patient age and gender. Expectorants, cough suppressants and prepared Chinese medicine for "Qing Re Jie Du" played dominant roles in the associations with cephalosporin in outpatient prescription. More association rules in emergency prescriptions were found which were more complicated.The associations between antibacterials and vitamins, digestive ulcer drugs, and potassium agents, as well as antibacterial and antibacterials were not found in the outpatient prescriptions. Conclusion The use of antibacterials in the emergency is much more frequently than in the clinic, especially for the inject-able formulations and the combination of antibacterials. So it is more necessary to establish a standard for rational use of antibacterials in ER.
Objective To compare the co-prescribing patterns of antibacterials between clinic and ER in a tertiary hospital and mine the association rules among drugs in outpatient and emergency prescriptions. Methods The prescribing data of 2009 were sampled and the prescription drugs were classified according to the anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) subgroup code. IBM PASW ® Modeler 14 was used for data processing and statistics, and the Apriori association analysis model was established to carry out data mining. Results There were differences between outpatient and emergency prescriptions with anti-microbial in average number of drug items and antibacterials items, as well as in the distribution of patient age and gender. Expectorants, cough suppressants and prepared Chinese medicine for "Qing Re Jie Du" played dominant roles in the associations with cephalosporin in outpatient prescription. More association rules in emergency prescriptions were found which were more complicated.The associations between antibacterials and vitamins, digestive ulcer drugs, and potassium agents, as well as antibacterial and antibacterials were not found in the outpatient prescriptions. Conclusion The use of antibacterials in the emergency is much more frequently than in the clinic, especially for the inject-able formulations and the combination of antibacterials. So it is more necessary to establish a standard for rational use of antibacterials in ER.
2015, 33(4): 356-358.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.017
Abstract:
Objective To establish a method for the determination of asiatic acid in the root of Actinidia valvata. Methods HPLC-VWD was used in the analysis. The column was Agilent HC-C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);the mobile phase was acetonitrile: (30 mmol/L) acetic acid amine solution (35:65); the flow rate was 1.0 ml/min; the temperature of column was 25 ℃; the detection wavelength was set at 210 nm; the injection volume was 25 μl; the running time was 35 min. Results Asiatic acid was separated with interference in baseline. The linear range was 25.30-506.0 μg/ml with linear correlation of 0.999 6 for asiatic acid. The result of intra-day and inter-day precisions were both within 5% (n=3), and the average recovery was 99.4% with RSD 1.9% (n=6). Conclusion The method was simple, rapid, accurate and convenient for quality control of asiatic acid in the root of Actinidia valvata.
Objective To establish a method for the determination of asiatic acid in the root of Actinidia valvata. Methods HPLC-VWD was used in the analysis. The column was Agilent HC-C18 (4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);the mobile phase was acetonitrile: (30 mmol/L) acetic acid amine solution (35:65); the flow rate was 1.0 ml/min; the temperature of column was 25 ℃; the detection wavelength was set at 210 nm; the injection volume was 25 μl; the running time was 35 min. Results Asiatic acid was separated with interference in baseline. The linear range was 25.30-506.0 μg/ml with linear correlation of 0.999 6 for asiatic acid. The result of intra-day and inter-day precisions were both within 5% (n=3), and the average recovery was 99.4% with RSD 1.9% (n=6). Conclusion The method was simple, rapid, accurate and convenient for quality control of asiatic acid in the root of Actinidia valvata.
2015, 33(4): 359-362.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.018
Abstract:
Objective To imitate the development process of new drugs with rutin as the model and to do multidisciplinary experiments of preparation and pharmacodynamics of rutin tablets. Methods Thin-layer chromatography was used to identify rutin in Pagodatree flower bud. High-performance liquid chromatography was used for quantitative determination of rutin in Pagodatree flower bud and rutin products. The vasodilatation effect of rutin was investigated. The preparation of rutin tablets was completed. Results and Conclusion We completed the identification of Pagodatree flower bud, extraction and purification of rutin from Pagodatree flower bud, the assay of rutin, the pharmaco-dynamics study and the formulation of rutin tablets. The experiments helped the postgraduates to be familiar with the research process of new drugs and to improve their experimental operation skills.
Objective To imitate the development process of new drugs with rutin as the model and to do multidisciplinary experiments of preparation and pharmacodynamics of rutin tablets. Methods Thin-layer chromatography was used to identify rutin in Pagodatree flower bud. High-performance liquid chromatography was used for quantitative determination of rutin in Pagodatree flower bud and rutin products. The vasodilatation effect of rutin was investigated. The preparation of rutin tablets was completed. Results and Conclusion We completed the identification of Pagodatree flower bud, extraction and purification of rutin from Pagodatree flower bud, the assay of rutin, the pharmaco-dynamics study and the formulation of rutin tablets. The experiments helped the postgraduates to be familiar with the research process of new drugs and to improve their experimental operation skills.
2015, 33(4): 363-365.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.019
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the clinical features and treatment of liver cirrhosis with hepatitis B complicated by subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTCL) associated hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS). Methods A retrospective analysis of case clinical data with liver cirrhosis complicated by SPTCL associated HPS was done in August 2014 in our hospital. Results Because of different phenotypes of T cell receptor (TCR), the aggression, treatment response and prognosis of the disease were significantly different. The patients with HPS had poor treatment effect and short survival period. Conclusion Liver cirrhosis with hepatitis B complicated by SPTCL associated HPS is rare, Bone marrow morphology, pathology, immunohistochemistry and gene rearrangement detection as soon as possible are important for early diagnosis.To control HBV early and effectively is particularly important. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prolong survival.
Objective To investigate the clinical features and treatment of liver cirrhosis with hepatitis B complicated by subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTCL) associated hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS). Methods A retrospective analysis of case clinical data with liver cirrhosis complicated by SPTCL associated HPS was done in August 2014 in our hospital. Results Because of different phenotypes of T cell receptor (TCR), the aggression, treatment response and prognosis of the disease were significantly different. The patients with HPS had poor treatment effect and short survival period. Conclusion Liver cirrhosis with hepatitis B complicated by SPTCL associated HPS is rare, Bone marrow morphology, pathology, immunohistochemistry and gene rearrangement detection as soon as possible are important for early diagnosis.To control HBV early and effectively is particularly important. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prolong survival.
2015, 33(4): 366-369.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.020
Abstract:
Objective To explore the method of clinical pharmacists participating in designing therapy regimens and carrying out pharmaceutical care. Methods The clinical pharmacists participated in antiinfective therapy of one patient through learning literature and guidelines, analyzing the regimen, offering suggestion and providing pharmaceutical care. Results The suggestion provided by clinical pharmacists was accepted by doctors and the patient was cured and discharged from the hospital. Conclusion Participation of clinical pharmacists is helpful for doctors to make safe and effective medication.
Objective To explore the method of clinical pharmacists participating in designing therapy regimens and carrying out pharmaceutical care. Methods The clinical pharmacists participated in antiinfective therapy of one patient through learning literature and guidelines, analyzing the regimen, offering suggestion and providing pharmaceutical care. Results The suggestion provided by clinical pharmacists was accepted by doctors and the patient was cured and discharged from the hospital. Conclusion Participation of clinical pharmacists is helpful for doctors to make safe and effective medication.
2015, 33(4): 370-372.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.021
Abstract:
Objective To investigate risk factors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected AECOPD patients and the significance of immune regulation. Methods The clinical pharmacist is involved in the administration and guardianship of immunocompromised patients with recurrent AECOPD. The clinical pharmacist provides recommendations and theoretical support in antimicrobial drug selection and regulating immunity. Results Clinical pharmacist gave rationalized medication recommendations. It made anti-infective programs more reasonable and effective. Conclusion By assisting physicians in formulating regimens, clinical pharmacists can provide more optimal individualized treatment for patients.
Objective To investigate risk factors for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected AECOPD patients and the significance of immune regulation. Methods The clinical pharmacist is involved in the administration and guardianship of immunocompromised patients with recurrent AECOPD. The clinical pharmacist provides recommendations and theoretical support in antimicrobial drug selection and regulating immunity. Results Clinical pharmacist gave rationalized medication recommendations. It made anti-infective programs more reasonable and effective. Conclusion By assisting physicians in formulating regimens, clinical pharmacists can provide more optimal individualized treatment for patients.
2015, 33(4): 373-375.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.022
Abstract:
Olaparib is an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes, and was developed by AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP. Olaparib has therapeutic potential for treating cancers associated with impaired DNA repair capabilities, particularly those with deficiencies in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway. Olaparib is an available therapy option for ovarian cancer patients with deficiencies in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Olaparib can selectively kill cancer cells without compromising normal cells. Compared to traditional chemotherapy means, adverse reactions are much smaller.
Olaparib is an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes, and was developed by AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP. Olaparib has therapeutic potential for treating cancers associated with impaired DNA repair capabilities, particularly those with deficiencies in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway. Olaparib is an available therapy option for ovarian cancer patients with deficiencies in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Olaparib can selectively kill cancer cells without compromising normal cells. Compared to traditional chemotherapy means, adverse reactions are much smaller.
Investigation and analysis on off-label use of antibacterials for outpatients and emergency patients
2015, 33(4): 376-379.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.023
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the off-label use of antibacterials in out-patient department and emergency departmentand give reference for management. Methods About 10% of antibacterials prescriptions in out-patient department and emergency department were randomly extracted. Off-label use was analyzed by assessing off-label use percentage, reviewing off-label types and evaluating the rationality. Results 23 600 antibacterial prescriptions, including 43 antibacterials in 9 categorieswere analyzed, and the off-label use percentage of 22.00%. Cephalosporins contributed most in the amount of off-label use prescriptions, while nitroimidazoleseries got the highest off-label percentage of 73.45%. Improper frequency and dosing were the most obvious phenomena, with the ratio of 55.64% and 52.60%, respectively. For oral drugs, most frequent off-label use type of these drugs was improper dosing (72.46%).For injections, frequent off-label use type of these drugs were manifested improper frequency (82.18%) and improper solvent (38.80%). Conclusion Off-label use of antibacterials in hospital was in a critical situation and most of the prescriptions were lack of rational evidence.Standardized administration should be introduced.
Objective To investigate the off-label use of antibacterials in out-patient department and emergency departmentand give reference for management. Methods About 10% of antibacterials prescriptions in out-patient department and emergency department were randomly extracted. Off-label use was analyzed by assessing off-label use percentage, reviewing off-label types and evaluating the rationality. Results 23 600 antibacterial prescriptions, including 43 antibacterials in 9 categorieswere analyzed, and the off-label use percentage of 22.00%. Cephalosporins contributed most in the amount of off-label use prescriptions, while nitroimidazoleseries got the highest off-label percentage of 73.45%. Improper frequency and dosing were the most obvious phenomena, with the ratio of 55.64% and 52.60%, respectively. For oral drugs, most frequent off-label use type of these drugs was improper dosing (72.46%).For injections, frequent off-label use type of these drugs were manifested improper frequency (82.18%) and improper solvent (38.80%). Conclusion Off-label use of antibacterials in hospital was in a critical situation and most of the prescriptions were lack of rational evidence.Standardized administration should be introduced.
2015, 33(4): 380-382,384.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-0111.2015.04.024
Abstract:
Objective To assess the effects of compound glycyrrhizin tablets for chronic eczema patients using the Meta-analysis method. Methods The national literatures related to random control clinical trials on compound glycyrrhizin tablets for treating chronic eczema were retrieved. The method recommend by the cochrane collaboration to perform a Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trail(RCT)in RevMan 5.0 was applied. Results Nine articles were included, eight hundred and thirty patients were enrolled, and there were four hundred and fifteen cases for both the treatment group and control group. The results showed that both curative effect and safety of the treatment group with compound glycyrrhizin were better than that of the control group. Conclusion Compound glycyrrhizin had certain curative effect in the treatment of chronic eczema. It was safe and with less adverse effect. However, it still needs more strict and multicentre randomized double-blind control trial to provide more effective and convinced evidence.
Objective To assess the effects of compound glycyrrhizin tablets for chronic eczema patients using the Meta-analysis method. Methods The national literatures related to random control clinical trials on compound glycyrrhizin tablets for treating chronic eczema were retrieved. The method recommend by the cochrane collaboration to perform a Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trail(RCT)in RevMan 5.0 was applied. Results Nine articles were included, eight hundred and thirty patients were enrolled, and there were four hundred and fifteen cases for both the treatment group and control group. The results showed that both curative effect and safety of the treatment group with compound glycyrrhizin were better than that of the control group. Conclusion Compound glycyrrhizin had certain curative effect in the treatment of chronic eczema. It was safe and with less adverse effect. However, it still needs more strict and multicentre randomized double-blind control trial to provide more effective and convinced evidence.
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