-
肝纤维化是肝脏对慢性肝损伤的过度修复反应,是一个动态可逆的过程。阻断肝纤维化持续进展是防治肝病向肝硬化甚至肝细胞癌发展的重要策略。目前研究认为,肝星状细胞(HSCs)转化为活化的肌成纤维细胞(MFBs)是细胞外基质 (ECM)的主要来源,也是肝纤维化的主要驱动力[1]。除此之外,大量研究发现,肝巨噬细胞在肝纤维化过程中同样发挥重要作用。
Research progress on hepatic macrophages and liver fibrosis
-
摘要: 肝纤维化是由各种病因所致慢性肝损伤的修复反应,其持续进展可发展为肝硬化甚至肝细胞癌,最终导致肝功能衰竭。目前,肝纤维化尚无有效治疗方法。肝巨噬细胞在肝内炎症反应、纤维化的进展和消退方面发挥关键作用,已成为抗肝纤维化的重要治疗靶细胞。主要就肝巨噬细胞在肝纤维化过程中的作用进行综述,以期能够为肝纤维化治疗提供思路。Abstract: Liver fibrosis is a repair response to chronic liver injury caused by various etiologies. Its continuous progression can develop into liver cirrhosis or even hepatocellular carcinoma, eventually leading to liver failure. Currently, there is no effective treatment for liver fibrosis. Hepatic macrophages play a key role in intrahepatic inflammatory response, progression and resolution of fibrosis, and have emerged as an important therapeutic target for anti-hepatic fibrosis. The function of hepatic macrophages in the process of liver fibrosis was mainly reviewed and the mode of action of hepatic macrophages from various aspects was discussed to provide ideas for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
-
Key words:
- hepatic macrophages /
- liver fibrosis /
- phenotypic switch
-
[1] KHATUN M, RAY R B. Mechanisms underlying hepatitis C virus-associated hepatic fibrosis[J]. Cells, 2019, 8(10):1249. doi: 10.3390/cells8101249 [2] TACKE F. Targeting hepatic macrophages to treat liver diseases[J]. Hepatol, 2017, 66(6):1300-1312. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.02.026 [3] PRADERE J P, KLUWE J, DE MINICIS S, et al. Hepatic macrophages but not dendritic cells contribute to liver fibrosis by promoting the survival of activated hepatic stellate cells in mice[J]. Hepatology, 2013, 58(4):1461-73. doi: 10.1002/hep.26429 [4] LI J, ZHAO Y P, TIAN Z. Roles of hepatic stellate cells in acute liver failure: From the perspective of inflammation and fibrosis[J]. World J Hepatol, 2019, 11(5):412-420. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v11.i5.412 [5] WEN Y K, LAMBRECHT J, JU C, et al. Hepatic macrophages in liver homeostasis and diseases-diversity, plasticity and therapeutic opportunities[J]. Cell Mol Immunol, 2021, 18(1):45-56. doi: 10.1038/s41423-020-00558-8 [6] KIAGIADAKI F, KAMPA M, VOUMVOURAKI A, et al. Activin-A causes Hepatic stellate cell activation via the induction of TNFα and TGFβ in Kupffer cells[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis, 2018, 1864(3):891-899. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.12.031 [7] SASAKI R, DEVHARE P B, STEELE R, et al. Hepatitis C virus-induced CCL5 secretion from macrophages activates hepa-tic stellate cells[J]. Hepatology, 2017, 66(3):746-757. doi: 10.1002/hep.29170 [8] NIELSEN S R, QUARANTA V, LINFORD A, et al. Macro-phage-secreted granulin supports pancreatic cancer metastasis by inducing liver fibrosis[J]. Nat Cell Biol, 2016, 18(5):549-560. doi: 10.1038/ncb3340 [9] GE X D, ARRIAZU E, MAGDALENO F, et al. High mobility group box-1 drives fibrosis progression signaling via the receptor for advanced glycation end products in mice[J]. Hepatology, 2018, 68(6):2380-2404. doi: 10.1002/hep.30093 [10] SHIRABE K, BEKKI Y, GANTUMUR D, et al. Mac-2 binding protein glycan isomer (M2BPGi) is a new serum biomarker for assessing liver fibrosis: more than a biomarker of liver fibrosis[J]. J Gastroenterol, 2018, 53(7):819-826. doi: 10.1007/s00535-017-1425-z [11] WANG C, MA C, GONG L H, et al. Macrophage polarization and its role in liver disease[J]. Front Immunol, 2021, 12:803037. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.803037 [12] SINGANAYAGAM A, TRIANTAFYLLOU E. Macrophages in chronic liver failure: diversity, plasticity and therapeutic targeting[J]. Front Immunol, 2021, 12:661182. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661182 [13] XU J J, ZHU L, LI H D, et al. DNMT3a-mediated methylation of PSTPIP2 enhances inflammation in alcohol-induced liver injury via regulating STAT1 and NF-κB pathway[J]. Pharmacol Res, 2022, 177:106125. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106125 [14] SU S B, QIN S Y, XIAN X L, et al. Interleukin-22 regulating Kupffer cell polarization through STAT3/Erk/Akt crosstalk pathways to extenuate liver fibrosis[J]. Life Sci, 2021, 264:118677. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118677 [15] TOSELLO-TRAMPONT A C, KRUEGER P, NARAYANAN S, et al. NKp46+ natural killer cells attenuate metabolism-induced hepatic fibrosis by regulating macrophage activation in mice[J]. Hepatology, 2016, 63(3):799-812. doi: 10.1002/hep.28389 [16] CALVENTE C J, TAMEDA M, JOHNSON C D, et al. Neutrophils contribute to spontaneous resolution of liver inflammation and fibrosis via microRNA-223[J]. J Clin Investig, 2019, 129(10):4091-4109. doi: 10.1172/JCI122258 [17] SHE S P, WU X N, ZHENG D F, et al. PSMP/MSMP promotes hepatic fibrosis through CCR2 and represents a novel therapeutic target[J]. J Hepatol, 2020, 72(3):506-518. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.09.033 [18] SUN H F, FENG J G, TANG L L. Function of TREM1 and TREM2 in liver-related diseases[J]. Cells, 2020, 9(12):2626. doi: 10.3390/cells9122626 [19] KOHYAMA M, MATSUOKA S, SHIDA K, et al. Monocyte infiltration into obese and fibrilized tissues is regulated by PILRα[J]. Eur J Immunol, 2016, 46(5):1214-1223. doi: 10.1002/eji.201545897 [20] RAMACHANDRAN P, DOBIE R, WILSON-KANAMORI J R, et al. Resolving the fibrotic niche of human liver cirrhosis at single-cell level[J]. Nature, 2019, 575(7783):512-518. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1631-3 [21] ZHOU H M, ZHONG W Z, RAO Z, et al. Defective mitophagy in aged macrophages promotes mitochondrial DNA cytosolic leakage to activate STING signaling during liver sterile inflammation [J]. Aging Cell, 2022, 21(6):e13622. [22] YU Y S, LIU Y, AN W S, et al. STING-mediated inflammation in Kupffer cells contributes to progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis[J]. J Clin Invest, 2019, 129(2):546-555. [23] HU Q, LYON C J, FLETCHER J K, et al. Extracellular vesicle activities regulating macrophage- and tissue-mediated injury and repair responses[J]. Acta Pharm Sin B, 2021, 11(6):1493-1512. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.014 [24] ROSSO C, KAZANKOV K, YOUNES R, et al. Crosstalk between adipose tissue insulin resistance and liver macrophages in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease[J]. J Hepatol, 2019, 71(5):1012-1021. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.06.031 [25] LESLIE J, MACIA M G, LULI S, et al. C-rel orchestrates energy-dependent epithelial and macrophage reprogramming in fibrosis[J]. Nat Metab, 2020, 2(11):1350-1367. doi: 10.1038/s42255-020-00306-2 [26] KANAMORI Y, TANAKA M, ITOH M, et al. Iron-rich Kupffer cells exhibit phenotypic changes during the development of liver fibrosis in NASH[J]. iScience, 2021, 24(2):102032. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.102032 [27] XU F, GUO M M, HUANG W, et al. Annexin A5 regulates hepatic macrophage polarization via directly targeting PKM2 and ameliorates NASH[J]. Redox Biol, 2020, 36:101634. doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101634 [28] SUN K, XU L Y, JING Y Y, et al. Autophagy-deficient Kupffer cells promote tumorigenesis by enhancing mtROS-NF-κB-IL1α/β-dependent inflammation and fibrosis during the preneoplastic stage of hepatocarcinogenesis[J]. Cancer Lett, 2017, 388:198-207. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.12.004 [29] CHENG D, CHAI J, WANG H W, et al. Hepatic macrophages: key players in the development and progression of liver fibrosis[J]. Liver Int, 2021, 41(10):2279-2294. doi: 10.1111/liv.14940 [30] ZHU J F, ZHANG W W, ZHANG L N, et al. IL-7 suppresses macrophage autophagy and promotes liver pathology in Schistosoma japonicum-infected mice[J]. J Cell Mol Med, 2018, 22(7):3353-3363. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.13610 [31] WAN J H, WEISS E, BEN MKADDEM S, et al. LC3-associated phagocytosis protects against inflammation and liver fibrosis via immunoreceptor inhibitory signaling[J]. Sci Transl Med, 2020, 12(539):eaaw8523. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw8523 [32] AN P, WEI L L, ZHAO S S, et al. Hepatocyte mitochondria-derived danger signals directly activate hepatic stellate cells and drive progression of liver fibrosis[J]. Nat Commun, 2020, 11:2362. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16092-0 [33] LI L A, WEI W, LI Z Z, et al. The spleen promotes the secretion of CCL2 and supports an M1 dominant phenotype in hepatic macrophages during liver fibrosis[J]. Cell Physiol Biochem, 2018, 51(2):557-574. doi: 10.1159/000495276 [34] ZHAO X T, WANG J, DENG Y, et al. Quercetin as a protective agent for liver diseases: a comprehensive descriptive review of the molecular mechanism[J]. Phytother Res, 2021, 35(9):4727-4747. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7104 [35] LIU P, LI H, GONG J S, et al. Chitooligosaccharides alleviate hepatic fibrosis by regulating the polarization of M1 and M2 macrophages[J]. Food Funct, 2022, 13(2):753-768. doi: 10.1039/D1FO03768D [36] ZHENG Z Q, WANG H A, LI L A, et al. Splenectomy enhances the Ly6Clow phenotype in hepatic macrophages by activating the ERK1/2 pathway during liver fibrosis[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2020, 86:106762. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106762 [37] ZHAO X G, CHEN G M, LIU Y, et al. Curcumin reduces Ly6Chi monocyte infiltration to protect against liver fibrosis by inhibiting Kupffer cells activation to reduce chemokines secretion[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2018, 106:868-878. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.028 [38] AMBADE A, LOWE P, KODYS K, et al. Pharmacological inhibition of CCR2/5 signaling prevents and reverses alcohol-induced liver damage, steatosis, and inflammation in mice[J]. Hepatology, 2019, 69(3):1105-1121. doi: 10.1002/hep.30249 [39] AIDA H, DINA C, WAN J H, et al. Inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase, an anti-inflammatory and antifibrogenic strategy in the liver[J]. Gut, 2019, 68(3):522-532. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316137 [40] FRIEDMAN S L, RATZIU V, HARRISON S A, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of cenicriviroc for treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with fibrosis[J]. Hepatology, 2018, 67(5):1754-1767. doi: 10.1002/hep.29477 [41] MORONI F, DWYER B J, GRAHAM C, et al. Safety profile of autologous macrophage therapy for liver cirrhosis[J]. Nat Med, 2019, 25(10):1560-1565. doi: 10.1038/s41591-019-0599-8 [42] WEISKIRCHEN R, TACKE F. Liver fibrosis: from pathogenesis to novel therapies[J]. 2016, Dig Dis, 34(4): 410-422. [43] LOOMBA R, LAWITZ E, MANTRY P S, et al. The ASK1 inhibitor selonsertib in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A randomized, phase 2 trial[J]. Hepatology, 2018, 67(2):549-559. doi: 10.1002/hep.29514 [44] RAMACHANDRAN P, PELLICORO A, VERNON M A, et al. Differential Ly-6C expression identifies the recruited macrophage phenotype, which orchestrates the regression of murine liver fibrosis[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012, 109(46): E3186-3195. [45] KOYAMA Y, BRENNER D A. Liver inflammation and fibrosis[J]. J Clin Invest, 2017, 127(1):55-64. doi: 10.1172/JCI88881 [46] BAECK C, WEI X, BARTENECK M, et al. Pharmacological inhibition of the chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) accelerates liver fibrosis regression by suppressing Ly-6C(+) macrophage infiltration in mice[J]. Hepatology, 2014, 59(3):1060-1072. doi: 10.1002/hep.26783