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YE Jun, ZHANG Chenyu, ZHOU Haifeng. Determination of Related Substances in Esmolol Hydrochloride injection by HPLC[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202509049
Citation: YE Jun, ZHANG Chenyu, ZHOU Haifeng. Determination of Related Substances in Esmolol Hydrochloride injection by HPLC[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202509049

Determination of Related Substances in Esmolol Hydrochloride injection by HPLC

doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202509049
  • Received Date: 2025-09-28
  • Accepted Date: 2026-01-17
  • Rev Recd Date: 2025-12-02
  •   Objective   To determine the related substances in Esmolol Hydrochloride Injection by HPLC method.   Methods   A Waters XBridgeTM C18 (4.6 mm×150 mm,5 µm) column packed with octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel was used, with phosphate buffer (3.0 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate was taken, dissolved in water and diluted to 650 ml)-acetonitrile-methanol (65∶15∶20) as the mobile phase A, and mobile phase A mixed with methanol (65∶35) as the mobile phase B. The gradient elution volume was 20 μl. The analytes were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed on a gradient elution with an injection volume of 20 μl, a column temperature of 30℃, a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and a detection wavelength of 222 nm.   Results  The separation between esmolol hydrochloride and neighboring impurities as well as between each impurity was greater than 1.5; the impurities showed good linearity in their respective linear ranges (r>0.999). The average recovery of impurity a (Imp-a) was 99.1% with an RSD of 0.56%; the average recovery of impurity b(Imp-b)was 96.0% with an RSD of 0.98%; the average recovery of impurity c (Imp-c) was 100.7% with an RSD of 1.24%; the average recovery of impurity d (Imp-d) was 99.0% with an RSD of 0.12%; the average recovery of impurity e (Imp-e) was 100.7% with an RSD of 0.64%; and the impurity f (Imp-f) average recovery was 101.7% with an RSD of 3.26%; impurity g (Imp-g) average recovery was 99.1% with an RSD of 1.45%.   Conclusion  This method could evaluate the quality of Esmolol Hydrochloride injection more accurately than the current standard and could provide data reference for the quality evaluation system.
  • [1] WIEST D. Esmolol: a review of its therapeutic efficacy and pharmacokinetic characteristics[J]. Clin Pharmacokinet, 1995, 28(3): 190-202.
    [2] 赵慧玲. 盐酸艾司洛尔注射剂有关物质检查的商榷[J]. 药物分析杂志, 2008, 28(9): 1594-1595. doi:  10.16155/j.0254-1793.2008.09.049
    [3] MIRAGLIA D, MIGUELL A, ALONSO W. The evolving role of esmolol in management of pre-hospital refractory ventricular fibrillation; a scoping review[J]. Arch Acad Emerg Med, 2020, 8(1): e15. doi:  10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.083
    [4] 肖小武, 程奇珍, 熊蔚, 等. 盐酸艾司洛尔注射液中杂质的分离、合成与结构鉴定[J]. 药物分析杂志, 2011, 31(1): 138-140. doi:  10.16155/j.0254-1793.2011.01.054
    [5] LEEY C, ALAMA S, BAASKED M. High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of esmolol hydrochloride[J]. J Pharm Sci, 1984, 73(11): 1660-1661. doi:  10.1002/jps.2600731148
    [6] 章为, 蒋涛, 刘雁鸣, 等. 盐酸艾司洛尔注射液的有关物质及其质量评价研究[J]. 中南药学, 2022, 20(11): 2611-2615. doi:  10.7539/j.issn.1672-2981.2022.11.026
    [7] HAMEEDAT F, HAWAMDEH S, ALNABULSI S, etal. High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)with fluorescence detection for quantification of steroids in clinical, pharmaceutical, and environmental samples: areview[J]. Molecules, 2022, 27(6): 1807. doi:  10.3390/molecules27061807
    [8] 崔萍, 商少华, 曹庆丰. 高效液相色谱法测定盐酸普萘洛尔中同分异构体杂质β-普萘洛尔的含量[J]. 中南药学, 2024, 22(9): 2415-2419. doi:  10.7539/j.issn.1672-2981.2024.09.026
    [9] PAPATHEOCHARIDOU C, SAMANIDOU V. Two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography as a powerful tool for bioanalysis: the paradigm of antibiotics[J]. Molecules, 2023, 28(13): 5056. doi:  10.3390/molecules28135056
    [10] 国家药典委员会. 中华人民共和国药典二部[S]. 北京: 中国医药科技出版社, 2020: 1063-1064.
    [11] 胡昌勤, 张夏. 化学药品杂质谱控制的现状与展望[J]. 药学学报, 2019, 54(12): 2214-2231. doi:  10.16438/j.0513-4870.2019-0451
    [12] 敖玲玲. 高效液相色谱法测定盐酸艾司洛尔的含量及有关物质[J]. 中国医药指南, 2013, 11(29): 328-329. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1671-8194.2013.29.259
    [13] 丁洁, 王杰. 高效液相色谱法测定盐酸艾司洛尔及注射液的含量[J]. 药物分析杂志, 1997, 17(3): 191-192. doi:  10.16155/j.0254-1793.1997.03.017
    [14] 刘健, 章为. HPLC法测定盐酸艾司洛尔注射液含量的改进[J]. 中国药师, 2018, 21(1): 180-182. doi:  10.3969/j.issn.1008-049X.2018.01.050
    [15] United States Pharmacopeial Convention. United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary [USP 47–NF 42]. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention; 2024. Esmolol Hydrochloride Injection Monograph.
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Determination of Related Substances in Esmolol Hydrochloride injection by HPLC

doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202509049

Abstract:   Objective   To determine the related substances in Esmolol Hydrochloride Injection by HPLC method.   Methods   A Waters XBridgeTM C18 (4.6 mm×150 mm,5 µm) column packed with octadecylsilane-bonded silica gel was used, with phosphate buffer (3.0 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate was taken, dissolved in water and diluted to 650 ml)-acetonitrile-methanol (65∶15∶20) as the mobile phase A, and mobile phase A mixed with methanol (65∶35) as the mobile phase B. The gradient elution volume was 20 μl. The analytes were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed on a gradient elution with an injection volume of 20 μl, a column temperature of 30℃, a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and a detection wavelength of 222 nm.   Results  The separation between esmolol hydrochloride and neighboring impurities as well as between each impurity was greater than 1.5; the impurities showed good linearity in their respective linear ranges (r>0.999). The average recovery of impurity a (Imp-a) was 99.1% with an RSD of 0.56%; the average recovery of impurity b(Imp-b)was 96.0% with an RSD of 0.98%; the average recovery of impurity c (Imp-c) was 100.7% with an RSD of 1.24%; the average recovery of impurity d (Imp-d) was 99.0% with an RSD of 0.12%; the average recovery of impurity e (Imp-e) was 100.7% with an RSD of 0.64%; and the impurity f (Imp-f) average recovery was 101.7% with an RSD of 3.26%; impurity g (Imp-g) average recovery was 99.1% with an RSD of 1.45%.   Conclusion  This method could evaluate the quality of Esmolol Hydrochloride injection more accurately than the current standard and could provide data reference for the quality evaluation system.

YE Jun, ZHANG Chenyu, ZHOU Haifeng. Determination of Related Substances in Esmolol Hydrochloride injection by HPLC[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202509049
Citation: YE Jun, ZHANG Chenyu, ZHOU Haifeng. Determination of Related Substances in Esmolol Hydrochloride injection by HPLC[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202509049
  • 盐酸艾司洛尔,化学名为4-(3-异丙氨基-2-羟基丙氧基)苯丙酸甲酯盐酸盐,是一种超短效的心脏选择性β1受体拮抗剂,属于Ⅱ类抗心律失常药物[1-2]。其通过竞争性阻断心肌中的β1肾上腺素能受体,降低心肌收缩力与心率,从而减少心输出量和心肌耗氧量[3]。此外,它还可抑制交感神经中枢输出及肾素分泌。临床上,该药主要用于治疗室上性心动过速、房颤或房扑患者的快速心室率,以及围术期高血压[4]。美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)于1986年首次批准百特公司的盐酸艾司洛尔注射液上市,我国于1996年批准进口该药[5]

    盐酸艾司洛尔结构中存在酯键,在水溶液中不稳定易水解,可能产生降解杂质,故需对其中有关物质进行测定来评估其质量[6]。高效液相色谱法(HPLC)能实现复杂样品的最佳分离,是近年来药物分析领域中最常用的分离方法之一[7-9]。《中国药典》2020年版二部中收录了该品种的现行质量标准,其中有关物质检查项按照高效液相色谱法测定[10 ]。但目前该法仅对杂质4-[2-羟基-3-(异丙氨基)丙氧基]苯基丙酸(Imp-a)进行测定,较美国药典检测的有关物质种类少。一般来说药物中的杂质主要分为工艺杂质和降解杂质,此二者都可能会对药物的安全应用带来不必要的隐患,同时也有可能降低药物的治疗效果[11-12]。故控制药物杂质谱是确保药物质量、保证药品安全性的一个关键环节,加强对药物杂质谱的控制也是提升我国药品质量的重要措施[13-14]。本文应用高效液相色谱法,对有关物质检测方法进行改良,以实现盐酸艾司洛尔注射液中多种杂质的检测,可为改进制剂工艺、合理化贮存条件、临床安全用药提供依据。

    • Agilent 1260高效液相色谱仪(安捷伦科技有限公司);Quintix124电子天平十万分之一(赛多利斯科学仪器北京有限公司)。

    • 对照品盐酸艾司洛尔(批号100749-201802,含量98.9%,中国食品药品检定研究院);各杂质和结构式详见表1,Imp-a(批号42418,含量99.3%)、Imp-b(批号42078,含量98.2%)、Imp-c(批号42111,含量97.8%)、Imp-d(批号42441,含量98.1%)、Imp-e(批号42437,含量93.9%)、Imp-f(批号42446,含量99.0%)、Imp-g(批号43303,含量95.2%)均来自北京康派森医药科技有限公司;甲醇及乙腈为色谱纯;磷酸二氢钾为分析纯;纯化水;盐酸艾司洛尔注射液(批号:321030401,321030501,321030601,规格100 mg∶10 ml,自制)。

      序号 化合物 名称 结构式 类型
      1 4-[2-羟基-3-(异丙氨基)丙氧基]苯基丙酸盐酸盐 Imp-a 降解杂质
      2 3-{4-[2-羟基-3-(异丙基氨基)丙氧基]苯基}-N-异丙基丙酰胺 Imp-b 降解杂质
      3 3-{4-[3-(乙基氨基)-2-羟基丙氧基]苯基}丙酸甲酯盐酸盐 Imp-c 降解杂质
      4 3-{4-[2-羟基-3-(3-{4-[2-羟基-3-(异丙基氨基)丙氧基]苯基}-N-异丙基丙酰胺基)丙氧基]苯基}丙酸甲酯 Imp-d 降解杂质
      5 双{1-胺基-2-羟基-4-[4-(甲氧羰基乙基)-苯氧基]丙基}异丙胺 Imp-e 降解杂质
      6 3-{4-[2-羟基-3-(异丙基氨基)丙氧基]苯基}-3-氧代丙酸甲酯盐酸盐 Imp-f 降解杂质
      7 1-(异丙基氨基)-3-[4-(3-甲氧基-3-氧丙基)苯氧基]丙-2-基-3-{4-[2-羟基-3-(异丙基氨基)丙氧基]苯基}丙酸酯二三氟乙酸盐 Imp-g 工艺杂质
    • 色谱柱:Waters XBridgeTM C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 µm),柱温:30℃;流动相:以磷酸盐缓冲液(取磷酸二氢钾3.0g,加水溶解并稀释至650 ml)-乙腈-甲醇(65∶15∶20)为流动相A,以流动相A-甲醇(65∶35)为流动相B,按表2的条件进行梯度洗脱;流速:1.0 ml/min;检测波长:222 nm;进样量:20 µl。

      时间(t/min) 流动相比例(%)
      流动相A 流动相B
      0 100 0
      15 100 0
      30 0 100
      50 0 100
      51 100 0
      58 100 0
    • 精密称取Imp-a对照品约45 mg,置20 ml量瓶;Imp-b对照品约26 mg,置100 ml量瓶;Imp-c对照品约23 mg,置200 ml量瓶;Imp-d对照品约50 mg,置100 ml量瓶;Imp-e对照品约43 mg,置100 ml量瓶;Imp-f对照品约17 mg,置100 ml量瓶;Imp-g对照品约44 mg,置200 ml量瓶;盐酸艾司洛尔对照品约20 mg,置200 ml量瓶,以上均加甲醇溶解并稀释至刻度,摇匀,作为各对照品储备液。

    • 分别取各对照品储备液适量,用流动相A稀释成每1ml中约含Imp-a 60.0 µg、Imp-b 2.5 µg、Imp-c 1.0 µg、Imp-d 5.0 µg、Imp-e 1.0 µg、Imp-f 1.5 µg、Imp-g1.5 µg与盐酸艾司洛尔1.0 µg混合对照溶液。

    • 取混合对照品溶液作为系统适用性溶液。

    • 精密量取盐酸艾司洛尔注射液1.0 ml,置10 ml量瓶,加流动相A稀释至刻度,摇匀。

    • 取空白溶液及混合对照品溶液,按“2.1”项下的色谱条件测定,并记录色谱图,考察方法的专属性。出峰顺序依次为Imp-a、Imp-f、Imp-b、Imp-c、Esmolol、Imp-g、Imp-d、Imp-e,各成分峰之间的分离度均大于1.5;如图1所示,结果表明,该方法专属性良好,各杂质之间、杂质与主成分之间分离度均符合要求,空白溶剂无干扰。

    • 精密量取混合对照品溶液按“2.1”项下的色谱条件连续进样测定6次,结果显示,各杂质峰面积RSD%均小于1.8%,故本方法仪器精密度良好。

    • 精密量取盐酸艾司洛尔注射液1.0 ml,置10 ml量瓶中,共5 份,进行不同条件下的降解实验:①酸破坏试验:精密加1.0 ml 1 mol/L盐酸溶液,静置30 min,加1.0 ml1 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液使中和,加流动相A稀释至刻度,摇匀;②碱破坏试验:精密加0.5 ml 0.1 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液,静置4 min,加0.5 ml 0.1 mol/L盐酸溶液使中和,加流动相A稀释至刻度,摇匀;③氧化破坏试验:精密加1.0ml30%H2O2溶液,室温放置60 min,加流动相A稀释至刻度,摇匀;④高温破坏试验:取本品置于鼓风干燥箱,60℃放10 d后取出;精密量取1.0 ml,置10 ml量瓶,加流动相A稀释至刻度,摇匀;⑤光照破坏试验:取本品置于光照试验箱,5000 lx照度下放10 d后取出;精密量取1.0 ml,置10 ml量瓶,加流动相A稀释至刻度,摇匀;取上述各降解溶液进行分析,结果如图2

      结果表明,未破坏样品和经过强制性破坏都未检出已知杂质Imp-f、Imp-e,样品在酸、碱条件下很不稳定,快速降解为艾司洛尔游离酸Imp-a;在高温60℃条件下不稳定,受热匀速降解为Imp-a;氧化条件不稳定,降解为Imp-a;光照条件下稳定;杂质与主峰及杂质与杂质间能很好的分离,本品在各降解条件下,物料平衡,说明该色谱条件能够检出所有可能遇到的降解途径产生的杂质,由试验结果可知:本法专属性好,可用于本品有关物质的测定。

    • 取杂质对照品Imp-a、Imp-b、Imp-c、Imp-d、Imp-e、Imp-f、Imp-g与盐酸艾司洛尔对照品适量,精密称定,用流动相A溶解并稀释制成每1ml约含300.0 µgImp-a、12.5 µgImp-b、5.0 µgImp-c、25.0 µgImp-d、5.0 µgImp-e、7.5 µgImp-f、7.5 µgImp-g和5.0 µg盐酸艾司洛尔的溶液作为线性储备液;精密量取线性储备液适量加流动相A逐级稀释,作为线性溶液。按“2.1”项下的色谱条件进行分析,以质量浓度(µg/ml)为横坐标,峰面积(A)为纵坐标,进行线性回归。以信噪比约为10时盐酸艾司洛尔各杂质浓度作为定量限,以信噪比约为3时盐酸艾司洛尔各杂质浓度作为检出限。由表3的结果可见,所测定的各物质线性良好。

      序号 杂质 回归方程 r 线性范围 定量限 检出限
      1 Imp-a Y = 39.079 2 X+6.421 3 1.000 0 0.061 7~126.3 0.06 0.03
      2 Imp-b Y = 36.421 5 X+0.279 5 1.000 0 0.019 9~5.100 0.02 0.09
      3 Imp-c Y = 41.377 7 X+0.025 5 1.000 0 0.015 8~2.020 0.02 0.008
      4 Imp-d Y = 42.580 0 X−0.152 5 1.000 0 0.276 9~8.860 0.30 0.10
      5 Imp-e Y = 40.769 0 X+3.894 2 1.000 0 0.130 0~2.080 0.10 0.06
      6 Imp-f Y = 24.914 9 X+0.261 3 0.999 9 0.024 7~3.160 0.03 0.01
      7 Imp-g Y = 21.904 0 X−0.925 9 0.999 7 0.186 3~2.980 0.20 0.05
    • 取样品按“2.2.4”项下方法平行制备待测溶液6份,按“2.1”项下色谱条件测定,结果显示,各杂质峰面积的RSD均小于3.0%,故本方法重复性良好。

    • 精密称取Imp-a、Imp-b、Imp-c、Imp-d、Imp-e、Imp-f、Imp-g与盐酸艾司洛尔对照品适量,加流动相A适量溶解并稀释制成每1ml中约含300 µg Imp-a、12.5 µg Imp-b、5.0 µg Imp-c、25 µg Imp- d、5.0 µg Imp-e、7.5 µg Imp-f、7.5 µg Imp-g与5.0 µg 盐酸艾司洛尔的溶液作为加样回收率储备液。精密量取样品1.0 ml置10 ml量瓶,取加样回收率储备液1.0、2.0、3.0 ml,分别加入10 ml量瓶,加流动相A定容至刻度,摇匀,每个浓度平行配制3份,作为供试液。按“2.1”项下色谱条件进样测定。结果显示各杂质在不同浓度水平下的平均回收率和RSD符合要求,详细数据见表4,证明本方法准确度良好,能满足杂质定量测定的要求。

      序号杂质平均回收率(%)RSD(%)
      1Imp-a99.120.56
      2Imp-b96.030.97
      3Imp-c100.701.30
      4Imp-d99.020.13
      5Imp-e100.700.63
      6Imp-f101.703.30
      7Imp-g99.091.50
    • 取在室温下放置的供试品溶液和混合对照品溶液,分别在0、1、2、6、13、17、23、25 h,精密量取上述溶液各20 µl,按“2.1”项下色谱条件进样测定峰面积。对照品溶液在室温下放置23 h,主成分峰RSD小于2.0%,说明对照品溶液在室温下放置23 h是稳定的。供试品溶液在室温下放置23 h,Imp-a含量有缓慢增加趋势,Imp-g含量呈缓慢减小趋势,说明供试品溶液在室温下放置不稳定,因此需要在使用前临时制备,以确保检测结果的准确性和可靠性。。

    • 分别考察了“2.2”项下的供试品溶液和系统混合对照溶液在不同仪器(Aglient1200和Aglient1260Ⅱ)、柱温(25、30、35℃)、流速(0.9、1.0、1.1 ml/min)、不同品牌填料的色谱柱[Waters XBridgeTM C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 µm)、Eclipse XDB-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 µm)、ZORBAX SB-C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 µm)],按“2.1”项下色谱条件分别进样测定,结果显示,当色谱条件发生微小变化时,系统适应性溶液的色谱图未出现明显变化,各杂质的色谱峰与主峰之间的分离度均大于1.5,表明色谱分离良好,各杂质的检测结果基本没有变化。

    • 取3批盐酸艾司洛尔注射液,按“2.2.4”项下方法制备供试品溶液,按“2.1”项下色谱条件分别测定,已知杂质按各已知杂质为对照品外标法以峰面积计算杂质含量,其他杂质峰以盐酸艾司洛尔为对照品按外标法以峰面积计算,结果如表5所示。

      杂质 含量(%)
      321030401 321030501 321030601
      Imp-a 1.3 1.2 1.3
      Imp-f
      Imp-b 0.009 0.01 0.006
      Imp-c 0.004 0.005 0.005
      Imp-g 0.030 0.030 0.030
      Imp-d 0.040 0.050 0.050
      Imp-e
      最大未知单杂 0.060 0.070 0.050
      总杂质量 1.400 1.400 1.500
      注:“−”表示未检出。
    • 由于杂质的检查方法和限度制定直接关系到药品质量与安全性,因此对盐酸艾司洛尔注射剂有关物质检查方法和限度的审评显得尤为重要。

      方法的选择主要参照《中国药典》2020年版二部中“盐酸艾司洛尔”标准有关物质项下方法,还参考了美国药典[15]项下方法及其他资料文献。根据仪器状况为改善梯度洗脱时仪器流动相混合,将《中国药典》2020年版二部中“盐酸艾司洛尔”标准中流动相B由“甲醇”改为“流动相A∶甲醇=65∶35”,相应的流动相B梯度数值由“35%”变为“100%”,与《中国药典》标准方法保持一致;经验证,本方法能准确有效地对盐酸艾司洛尔注射液进行杂质控制,为盐酸艾司洛尔注射液中有关物质质量标准的制定提供了科学依据。

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