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Volume 41 Issue 5
May  2023
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SHI Xiaofei, CHEN Yi, CHEN Feng, JING Kai, GAO Yue, LIU Xia. Advances in potential drugs for improvement of energy metabolism in heart failure[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2023, 41(5): 284-290. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202205088
Citation: SHI Xiaofei, CHEN Yi, CHEN Feng, JING Kai, GAO Yue, LIU Xia. Advances in potential drugs for improvement of energy metabolism in heart failure[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2023, 41(5): 284-290. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202205088

Advances in potential drugs for improvement of energy metabolism in heart failure

doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202205088
  • Received Date: 2022-05-23
  • Rev Recd Date: 2023-04-04
  • Publish Date: 2023-05-25
  • Heart failure (HF) is a global public health problem with high morbidity and mortality. Numerous studies have shown that HF is caused by severe disturbance of energy metabolism, resulting in insufficient cardiac energy supply. This lack of energy could lead to a failure of the heart to pump blood and a failure of energy metabolism in other organs throughout the body. Currently, therapeutics of HF work by reducing heart rate and cardiac preload and afterload, symptomatic treatment, or delaying the progression of the disease. However, drugs targeting heart energy metabolism have not been developed. the main characteristics of cardiac energy metabolism, metabolic changes during HF were summarized and drugs that improve cardiac function through energy metabolism were discussed, which could provide a new research direction for the development and application of drugs in treatment of heart failure.
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Advances in potential drugs for improvement of energy metabolism in heart failure

doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202205088

Abstract: Heart failure (HF) is a global public health problem with high morbidity and mortality. Numerous studies have shown that HF is caused by severe disturbance of energy metabolism, resulting in insufficient cardiac energy supply. This lack of energy could lead to a failure of the heart to pump blood and a failure of energy metabolism in other organs throughout the body. Currently, therapeutics of HF work by reducing heart rate and cardiac preload and afterload, symptomatic treatment, or delaying the progression of the disease. However, drugs targeting heart energy metabolism have not been developed. the main characteristics of cardiac energy metabolism, metabolic changes during HF were summarized and drugs that improve cardiac function through energy metabolism were discussed, which could provide a new research direction for the development and application of drugs in treatment of heart failure.

SHI Xiaofei, CHEN Yi, CHEN Feng, JING Kai, GAO Yue, LIU Xia. Advances in potential drugs for improvement of energy metabolism in heart failure[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2023, 41(5): 284-290. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202205088
Citation: SHI Xiaofei, CHEN Yi, CHEN Feng, JING Kai, GAO Yue, LIU Xia. Advances in potential drugs for improvement of energy metabolism in heart failure[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service, 2023, 41(5): 284-290. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202205088
  • 心力衰竭具有高发病率和病死率,是绝大多数终末期心脏病的最终归宿[1]。近几十年来,HF的治疗在医疗和设备方面有了很大的创新,但其发病率仍在不断增加,HF患者的生活质量和预期寿命依然出现不同程度的损害[2]。心脏能量需求是非常高的,需要源源不断消耗ATP来维持收缩舒张的功能。研究发现,HF患者会出现严重的能量代谢紊乱,包括底物吸收和利用、氧化磷酸化和ATP穿梭障碍,最终,导致心脏能量供应不足[3]。目前,关于HF疗法主要是通过降低心率、前负荷和后负荷来减轻心脏负荷,从而治疗和延缓疾病进展。关于影响心脏能量代谢的药物有很多基础研究,而能用于临床治疗的却少之又少。本综述将简单概述健康心脏和HF期间的心脏能量代谢,及通过调节能量代谢降低HF的潜在药物。

    • 心脏可利用葡萄糖、脂质、氨基酸和酮体等各种底物来提供能量以维持正常的工作,它对底物的利用随生命周期生理、病理和外部环境的变化而变化[4]。胎儿由于在缺氧和低脂肪酸的环境中生存,此时,心肌主要依靠葡萄糖和乳酸代谢来产能[5]。出生后的新生儿不仅心脏血流动力学负荷和氧分压增加,且线粒体数量也在快速增加,这样会显著提高心脏的氧化能力。此时,心脏对葡萄糖的依赖减少,血乳酸水平开始下降。随着三酰甘油含量的增加,脂肪酸氧化成为心脏能量的主要来源[6]。脂肪酸是成人心脏主要的能量来源,占60%~90%,其余10%~40%来源于葡萄糖、氨基酸、丙酮酸、乳酸、酮体等[7]。其中,线粒体的氧化磷酸化可供给约95%的心肌所需的ATP,剩下的5%由糖酵解提供[8]

    • 在正常情况下,脂肪酸和葡萄糖能否得到充分利用,取决于代谢底物和氧气的浓度。1 mol的20碳脂肪酸完全氧化产生的ATP量(约134 mol)远大于1 mol葡萄糖产生的ATP量(约30 mol)。研究发现,当它们产生相同数量的ATP时,脂肪酸氧化比葡萄糖氧化需要更多的氧气。而在氧气缺少的情况下,脂肪酸氧化的生产效率明显低于葡萄糖氧化[9]。HF后的低氧环境将心脏的能量代谢逆转为胎儿期的能量代谢,葡萄糖代谢将是主要的能量来源[10]。在HF期间,葡萄糖摄入量和糖酵解速率显著增加,以补偿脂肪酸氧化以提供能量。由于HF期间,心肌细胞对游离脂肪酸的利用显著降低,血浆中游离脂肪酸浓度升高,这样可能会进一步加重能量代谢紊乱和心肌损伤[11]

      正常成人心脏中90%的能量是由线粒体的氧化磷酸化提供的。许多研究证实,心血管疾病,如心律失常、心肌病和HF,与线粒体功能和结构的改变有关[12]。研究表明,HF时心肌细胞线粒体基因突变率显著增加,引起线粒体畸变,从而影响线粒体氧化呼吸链相关酶复合物的活性和线粒体蛋白的合成[13]。这些变化导致线粒体功能障碍,影响线粒体能量代谢,耗尽心肌细胞中的能量,加快HF的进程。

    • 激素是人体必需的物质,在调节新陈代谢、生长、发育、繁殖等过程中发挥着重要作用。一些激素类药物,包括甲状腺素、松弛肽和雌激素,已被用于治疗心脑血管疾病。甲状腺素是体内不可或缺的激素,与生长、细胞凋亡和能量代谢息息相关。最近的研究表明,甲状腺素可通过LKB1/AMPK/mTOR 通路来减少心肌细胞凋亡、减少能量损失和预防多柔比星引起的心脏损伤[14]。因此,甲状腺素有望成为临床预防多柔比星化疗所致心脏损害的新药。临床研究表明,怀孕期间给予松弛肽-2,可以延长急性HF患者的生存期[15]。松弛肽抗HF的分子机制目前尚不清楚,可能与内源性长链多不饱和脂肪酸的合成、氨基酸修饰中的能量代谢和心血管结构调节有关[16]。雌激素促进女性副性器官的发育、成熟和第二性征的出现,帮助维持正常的性欲和生殖功能。研究表明,雌激素可以通过保护线粒体含量和氧化能力来保护肺动脉高压模型小鼠的右心室功能。

    • 有临床观察表明,二甲双胍可提高非糖尿病HF患者的心肌效率,降低耗氧量,改善心功能[17]。研究表明,二甲双胍可在一定程度上恢复左心室舒张功能,并降低免疫和炎症反应[18]。它还可以增加梗死后心力衰竭小鼠的收缩功能,同时减少心肌细胞的凋亡[19]。二甲双胍改善心功能的机制可能与调节葡萄糖吸收、线粒体功能和氧化应激有关。二甲双胍通过刺激活化 PI3K–PKB/AKT和AMPK的通路来增加葡萄糖摄取,这种积极作用已在胰岛素抵抗心肌细胞和正常胰岛素敏感心肌细胞中得到了验证[20]。二甲双胍还可以通过调节SIRT3降低PGC-1α乙酰化水平、降低受损的线粒体膜电位和增加线粒体呼吸功能来改善小鼠的心脏功能[19]

    • 钠-葡萄糖转运蛋白2(SGLT2)抑制剂是最近研发的一类抗糖尿病药物,如达格列净、卡格列净和恩格列净。有研究发现SGLT2抑制剂是潜在的心血管保护药物,在临床评估心血管安全性时可用于治疗HF[21]。临床研究表明,达格列净可降低2型糖尿病和HF患者的糖尿病性心肌病的风险,并有利于改善左心室功能。此外,达格列净还可以减轻HF患者的症状,改善身体功能和生活质量,降低心血管疾病HF进展和病死率[22]。此外,还观察到卡格列净和恩格列净也可改善HF患者的状况[23]

    • 吡格列酮是一种胰岛素增敏的噻唑烷二酮和PPARγ激动剂。研究发现,吡格列酮可逆转严重肺动脉高压和血管重构,预防右心室HF,这与通过 miRNA/mRNA 网络调节心脏肥大、纤维化、心肌收缩力、脂肪酸转运/氧化和转化生长因子信号转导有关[24]

    • 辛伐他汀是一种羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A(HMG-CoA)抑制剂,常用于高血脂的治疗,主要用于降低胆固醇。临床观察发现,服用辛伐他汀20 d可显着降低慢性HF患者的促炎标志物IL-6和C反应蛋白水平[25]。它还可以诱导脂滴积累,为维持线粒体功能提供能量,并抑制线粒体损伤和心肌细胞凋亡[26]。此外,辛伐他汀还通过降低心房诱导的一氧化氮合酶、钠钙交换剂来降低缺血性HF大鼠的氧化应激、内皮血栓形成和心房颤动[27]

    • 非诺贝特属于苯氧芳酸类降脂药,主要用于降低三酰甘油。它是一种高度选择性PPARα配体,可降低低密度脂蛋白、总胆固醇和三酰甘油的水平,并增加高密度脂蛋白[28]。研究发现,非诺贝特可防止HF模型犬心脏代谢底物的转化,并适度改善心脏功能[29]。还有研究发现,在异丙肾上腺素诱导的HF大鼠身上,非诺贝特可增加线粒体中的脂肪酸氧化,增加心肌能量代谢和氧化应激,从而保护心脏功能[30]

    • 曲美他嗪常用于治疗心绞痛,是代谢治疗中研究最广泛的药物之一。临床研究发现,它可以改善 HF患者的心脏功能、运动耐量、生活质量、左心室射血分数和心脏容量[31]。它还可以通抑制脂肪酸氧化,促进葡萄糖代谢,并维持细胞中的 PCr/ATP 比率[32]

    • 卡维地洛是一种α 1和β受体阻断剂,具有扩张血管的作用。常用于治疗轻度或中度高血压,或肾功能不全和糖尿病患者。一项临床研究表明,长期使用卡维地洛可以提高非缺血性HF患者的生存率,而更高剂量(7.5 mg/d)的卡维地洛可以提高低心率和低射血分数HF患者的生存率,但对射血分数保留的患者无效[33]。卡维地洛可降低充血性HF患者的心肌脂肪酸利用,但对葡萄糖利用没有影响[34]。它还可以增加射血分数,降低纽约心脏协会的心脏分级,增加PCr/ATP比率和代谢当量,并维持心肌高能磷酸盐水平[35]。此外,它可以增加心肌缺血模型大鼠的线粒体能量电荷,减少磷酸化滞后阶段的长度,改善心肌缺血期间的线粒体功能[36]

      已经发现这些治疗HF的合成药物在治疗其他疾病时可以改善能量代谢并保护心肌,而不是专门开发用于改善HF的能量代谢。这表明我们可以通过这些药物在体内的作用机制找到新的或最佳的HF治疗靶点,为临床药物开发治疗HF的药物提供了可能。同时,需要进一步研究这些合成药物及其衍生物治疗不同因素所致HF的特异性和安全性,为其临床应用提供更多参考。

    • 多酚是一大类植物化学物质,存在于各种食物中,例如,水果、蔬菜、豆类、谷物、可可或巧克力,以及红酒、咖啡和茶等饮料。按其结构特点,大致可分为黄酮类、酚酸类、木脂素类和芪类。白藜芦醇、槲皮素、姜黄素和表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯等多酚类物质对动脉粥样硬化、高血压、心肌梗死、蒽环类药物引起的心肌病、血管生成和HF有明显的保护作用[37]。大量多酚已被证明可有效通过能量代谢减少心血管疾病,但只有白藜芦醇进入了系统化、标准化的临床试验。此外,一些富含多酚的提取物值得关注。例如,长期使用绿茶提取物可以改善正常心肌细胞的细胞力学性能和细胞内钙动力学,提高能量利用率,并消除受磷蛋白对肌浆网Ca2+依赖性ATPase 2a的抑制作用。

    • 目前,人参皂苷是用于治疗HF的主要皂苷,又称三萜皂苷。人参总皂苷通过激活TCA循环中的特定蛋白来增加心脏能量代谢[38]。阿江榄仁酸是一种天然存在的手性三萜皂苷,可以降低心肌细胞中的氧化磷酸化活性、活性氧水平和氧化应激,以减少线粒体功能障碍和增加糖酵解速率。此外,它还可以上调PPARα,降低TAK1的磷酸化水平,抑制p38 MAPK和NF-κB P65的活化,减少胶原合成和心脏肥大,从而保护心脏[39]。黄芪甲苷是黄芪提取物。它可以增加PPARα、中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶(MCAD)和肌肉肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-1(MCP1)的表达,并增加慢性HF大鼠对游离脂肪酸的利用,从而改善心脏功能和抑制心室重构[40]。同时,它还能刺激脂肪酸β氧化并改善HF动物的线粒体功能,是一种抑制HF进展的潜在药物[41]

    • 从植物中提取的多糖对心血管疾病具有治疗作用,这与其抗炎和抗氧化作用有关[42]。但关于多糖是否调节心脏能量代谢的报道有限,仅有麦冬多糖、枸杞多糖和黄芪多糖有报道。麦冬多糖可显著降低转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶、肌酸激酶和肌酸激酶同工酶水平,提高ATP酶活性,对缺血性心肌损伤具有保护作用[43]。枸杞的提取物枸杞多糖可以通过上调线粒体生物基因调节因子促进肌肉分化和能量代谢,通过减少HF小鼠的炎性细胞因子和脂质过氧化来发挥心脏保护作用[44]。有报道,黄芪多糖可以调节TNF -α/PGC-1信号通路介导的能量生物合成,降低ANP的mRNA和蛋白表达,增加ATP/ADP和ATP/AMP的比值,降低游离脂肪酸含量和抑制心肌细胞肥大[45]

    • 猪毛菜酚是一种来自乌头植物的生物碱。它可降低多柔比星诱导的慢性HF,降低血清心肌损伤标志物水平,减少对心脏的组织损伤,并增加TCA循环下游关键酶的mRNA 表达水平,从而增加心脏能量代谢[46]。和乌胺是一种典型的β2-肾上腺素选择性受体激动剂,也是乌头植物中的一种生物碱,可显着增加心肌收缩力[47]。川芎嗪又名四甲基吡嗪,是从川芎中分离得到的生物碱。它可以促进BCL-2向线粒体的转移,改善线粒体功能,从而防止脂多糖引起的心肌损伤[48]。它还可以通过下调miR-499a、上调SIRT1和激活 PI3K/AKT通路来减轻缺氧诱导的H9c2细胞凋亡[49]

    • 中药中,不同机制的天然产物,甚至几种药材,按照一定的规律进行组合,可以最大限度地发挥药效,减少毒副作用。这种做法即为临床补充和替代疗法。临床研究发现,口服参附颗粒可显著改善慢性HF患者的生活质量[50]。参附注射液通过刺激抗氧化剂和改变磷脂水平、分布以及牛磺酸、谷胱甘肽和磷脂的水平来减少心肌梗死的面积并保护心肌[51]。此外,临床观察发现,由十一味草药(黄芪、人参、附子、丹参、葶苈子、泽泻、玉竹、桂枝、红花、香加皮、陈皮)提取物组成的芪苈强心胶囊可以改善HF患者的生活质量,降低了心血管疾病的发生率和再住院率[52]。目前,一些天然成分和草药的联合使用和安全性仍在研究中,但它们为HF的替代和补充治疗以及HF药物的开发提供了可能。

      我们对上述激素、合成药物和天然药物(表1)研究发现,大多数药物或成分可以作用于多种途径或靶点,并调节多种底物代谢。这表明我们可以考虑不同药物的组合,特别是一些大剂量、安全窗口窄的药物,可以减少剂量、耐药性和副作用。这些组成部分应进一步研究,并为其开发和应用提供可靠的数据。此外,我们还应该专注于利用这些药物的体内机制来寻找新的或最佳的HF治疗靶点。然后,应将研究结果应用于临床实践,开发更有效的治疗HF的药物和合理的治疗策略。

      药物类别药物名称已知通路或靶点已知的代谢途径
      激素甲状腺素LKB1/AMPK/mTOR脂肪酸代谢
      松弛素脂肪酸合成、氨基酸代谢
      雌激素线粒体功能
      合成药物二甲双胍PI3K-PKB/AKT、AMPK、PGC-1α葡萄糖代谢、线粒体功能、氧化应激
      SGLT2抑制剂AMPK、 Na+/H+ 交换剂、NLRP3 炎症小体酮代谢、线粒体功能、细胞内钠稳态、胰岛素信号传导、氧化应激
      吡格列酮PPAR γ脂肪酸氧化,线粒体功能
      辛伐他汀iNOSitol、INCX、Rac1线粒体功能,氧化应激
      非诺贝特PPARα脂肪酸代谢
      曲美他嗪长链3-酮酰基辅酶A硫溶酶葡萄糖代谢、脂肪酸代谢
      卡维地洛α1、β受体脂肪酸代谢,线粒体功能
      天然药物白藜芦醇SIRT1、CYP1B2葡萄糖代谢、脂肪酸代谢、线粒体功能、胰岛素信号、钙2+浓度
      人参皂苷Rb1TGF-β1/SMAD ERK、AKT葡萄糖代谢
      人参皂苷Rb3PPARα脂肪酸代谢,线粒体功能
      阿江榄仁酸P47phox、ERK、PPARα、TAK1、p38 MAPK、NF-κB P65葡萄糖代谢、线粒体功能、氧化应激
      黄芪甲苷PPARα、MCAD、MCP1脂肪酸代谢,线粒体功能
      麦冬多糖AST、 LDH、CK、CK-MB、ATPase线粒体功能
      枸杞多糖线粒体生物基因调控因子脂肪酸代谢,线粒体功能
      黄芪多糖TNF-α/PGC-1脂肪酸代谢
      猪毛菜酚线粒体功能
      和乌胺PPAR α/PGC-1α/SIRT3线粒体功能
      川芎嗪miR-499a、SIRT1、PI3K/AKT线粒体功能
    • 大量证据表明,优化心肌能量代谢,尤其是调节底物代谢,可以保持或改善心肌机械功能,延缓HF进展,改善心功能分级、运动耐量、生活质量、左心室射血评分甚至存活率。然而,如何根据不同的病理情况选择合适的底物进行充分代谢,促进心肌代谢物的活性,增加整体供能,是HF药物的研究方向,也是亟待解决的问题。此外,大多数治疗HF的药物的开发通过能量代谢仍处于基础研究阶段,这些药物的疗效和应用变化也缺乏临床数据支持。研究人员应进一步探索HF发病机制与心肌能量代谢变化的关系,阐明影响HF能量代谢的信号通路和关键调控因素,研发有效的新方法,包括天然药物,以预防HF的发生和发展。

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