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WANG Fei, ZHANG Rui, XU Yong, CHEN Xian, ZHU Yumin. Effect of remimazolam premedication on emergence delirium in children undergoing tonsillectomy and (or)adenoidectomy[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202411036
Citation: WANG Fei, ZHANG Rui, XU Yong, CHEN Xian, ZHU Yumin. Effect of remimazolam premedication on emergence delirium in children undergoing tonsillectomy and (or)adenoidectomy[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202411036

Effect of remimazolam premedication on emergence delirium in children undergoing tonsillectomy and (or)adenoidectomy

doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202411036
  • Received Date: 2024-11-22
  • Rev Recd Date: 2025-03-19
  •   Objective   To evaluate the effect of remimazolam premedication on emergence delirium (ED) in children undergoing tonsillectomy and (or) adenoidectomy.   Methods  Children aged 3-6 years who underwent tonsillectomy and (or) adenoidectomy with general anesthesia in Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University from July 2023 to September 2024 were randomly divided into group 0.1 mg/kg remimazolam (group R1), group 0.2 mg/kg remimazolam (group R2) and normal saline group (group P). Three groups were sedated preoperatively with remimazolam 0.1 mg/kg, remimazolam 0.2 mg/kg and normal saline, respectively. The primary outcome was the incidence of ED. The secondary outcomes included the parental separation anxiety scale (PSAS) score when entering the operating room, the induction compliance checklist (ICC) score at induction, the anesthetic recovery time, the incidence of rescue propofol for ED, the face, legs, activity, cry, and consolability (FLACC) score and the incidence of postoperative pain during the recovery period, the incidence of adverse reactions during the operation and postoperatively, and the incidence of negative postoperative behavioral changes (NPOBCs) at 1 day, 7 days, and 30 days postoperatively.   Results  A total of 119 children completed the study, including 41 in group R1, 38 in group R2, and 40 in group P. The incidence of ED and propofol rescue, the PSAS scores and ICC scores of group R1 and R2 were lower than that of group P (P<0.05), and the above results in group R2 was better than those in group R1 (P<0.05). The FLACC score, the incidence of postoperative pain, and the incidence of adverse reactions between the three groups had no difference (P>0.05). The incidence of NPOBCs at 1 day and 7 days postoperatively of the group R1 and group R2 was lower than of the group P (P<0.05), but no difference in that was detected at 30 days postoperatively among the three groups (P>0.05).   Conclusion  Remimazolam used for preoperative sedation could reduce the incidence of ED in children undergoing tonsillectomy and (or) adenoidectomy, and had a positive effect on alleviating the preoperative anxiety and preventing NPOBCs
  • [1] FORTIER M A, DEL ROSARIO A M, MARTIN S R, et al. Perioperative anxiety in children[J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2010, 20(4):318-322. doi:  10.1111/j.1460-9592.2010.03263.x
    [2] 武玉红, 庄蕾, 于布为, 等. 患儿术前焦虑的研究进展[J]. 临床麻醉学杂志, 2022, 38(1):81-85. doi:  10.12089/jca.2022.01.017
    [3] KLABUSAYOVÁ E, MUSILOVÁ T, FABIÁN D, et al. Incidence of emergence delirium in the pediatric PACU: prospective observational trial[J]. Children, 2022, 9(10):1591. doi:  10.3390/children9101591
    [4] LIU K T, LIU C, ULUALP S O. Prevalence of emergence delirium in children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy[J]. Anesthesiol Res Pract, 2022, 2022:1465999.
    [5] MALARBI S, STARGATT R, HOWARD K, et al. Characterizing the behavior of children emerging with delirium from general anesthesia[J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2011, 21(9):942-950. doi:  10.1111/j.1460-9592.2011.03646.x
    [6] MASON K P. Paediatric emergence delirium: a comprehensive review and interpretation of the literature[J]. Br J Anaesth, 2017, 118(3):335-343. doi:  10.1093/bja/aew477
    [7] CHOW C H T, VAN LIESHOUT R J, SCHMIDT L A, et al. Systematic review: audiovisual interventions for reducing preoperative anxiety in children undergoing elective surgery[J]. J Pediatr Psychol, 2016, 41(2):182-203. doi:  10.1093/jpepsy/jsv094
    [8] YAO Y S, SUN Y, LIN J C, et al. Intranasal dexmedetomidine versus oral midazolam premedication to prevent emergence delirium in children undergoing strabismus surgery: a randomised controlled trial[J]. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2020, 37(12):1143-1149. doi:  10.1097/EJA.0000000000001270
    [9] SHI M Z, MIAO S, GU T C, et al. Dexmedetomidine for the prevention of emergence delirium and postoperative behavioral changes in pediatric patients with sevoflurane anesthesia: a double-blind, randomized trial[J]. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2019, 13:897-905. doi:  10.2147/DDDT.S196075
    [10] HU Q X, LIU X, WEN C L, et al. Remimazolam: an updated review of a new sedative and anaesthetic[J]. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2022, 16:3957-3974. doi:  10.2147/DDDT.S384155
    [11] CAI Y H, ZHONG J W, MA H Y, et al. Effect of remimazolam on emergence delirium in children undergoing laparoscopic surgery: a double-blinded randomized trial[J]. Anesthesiology, 2024, 141(3):500-510. doi:  10.1097/ALN.0000000000005077
    [12] SIKICH N, LERMAN J. Development and psychometric evaluation of the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale[J]. Anesthesiology, 2004, 100(5):1138-1145. doi:  10.1097/00000542-200405000-00015
    [13] SOMAINI M, SAHILLIOĞLU E, MARZORATI C, et al. Emergence delirium, pain or both? A challenge for clinicians[J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2015, 25(5):524-529. doi:  10.1111/pan.12580
    [14] WATSON A T, VISRAM A. Children’s preoperative anxiety and postoperative behaviour[J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2003, 13(3):188-204. doi:  10.1046/j.1460-9592.2003.00848.x
    [15] WILTSHIRE H R, KILPATRICK G J, TILBROOK G S, et al. A placebo- and midazolam-controlled phase I single ascending-dose study evaluating the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of remimazolam(CNS 7056): Part II. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation[J]. Anesth Analg, 2012, 115(2):284-296. doi:  10.1213/ANE.0b013e318241f68a
    [16] SOMAINI M, ENGELHARDT T, FUMAGALLI R, et al. Emergence delirium or pain after anaesthesia: how to distinguish between the two in young children: a retrospective analysis of observational studies[J]. Br J Anaesth, 2016, 116(3):377-383. doi:  10.1093/bja/aev552
    [17] KAIN Z N, CALDWELL-ANDREWS A A, MARANETS I, et al. Preoperative anxiety and emergence delirium and postoperative maladaptive behaviors[J]. Anesth Analg, 2004, 99(6):1648-1654.
    [18] LEE-ARCHER P F, VON UNGERN-STERNBERG B S, READE M, et al. The effect of dexmedetomidine on postoperative behaviour change in children: a randomised controlled trial[J]. Anaesthesia, 2020, 75(11):1461-1468. doi:  10.1111/anae.15117
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Effect of remimazolam premedication on emergence delirium in children undergoing tonsillectomy and (or)adenoidectomy

doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202411036

Abstract:   Objective   To evaluate the effect of remimazolam premedication on emergence delirium (ED) in children undergoing tonsillectomy and (or) adenoidectomy.   Methods  Children aged 3-6 years who underwent tonsillectomy and (or) adenoidectomy with general anesthesia in Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University from July 2023 to September 2024 were randomly divided into group 0.1 mg/kg remimazolam (group R1), group 0.2 mg/kg remimazolam (group R2) and normal saline group (group P). Three groups were sedated preoperatively with remimazolam 0.1 mg/kg, remimazolam 0.2 mg/kg and normal saline, respectively. The primary outcome was the incidence of ED. The secondary outcomes included the parental separation anxiety scale (PSAS) score when entering the operating room, the induction compliance checklist (ICC) score at induction, the anesthetic recovery time, the incidence of rescue propofol for ED, the face, legs, activity, cry, and consolability (FLACC) score and the incidence of postoperative pain during the recovery period, the incidence of adverse reactions during the operation and postoperatively, and the incidence of negative postoperative behavioral changes (NPOBCs) at 1 day, 7 days, and 30 days postoperatively.   Results  A total of 119 children completed the study, including 41 in group R1, 38 in group R2, and 40 in group P. The incidence of ED and propofol rescue, the PSAS scores and ICC scores of group R1 and R2 were lower than that of group P (P<0.05), and the above results in group R2 was better than those in group R1 (P<0.05). The FLACC score, the incidence of postoperative pain, and the incidence of adverse reactions between the three groups had no difference (P>0.05). The incidence of NPOBCs at 1 day and 7 days postoperatively of the group R1 and group R2 was lower than of the group P (P<0.05), but no difference in that was detected at 30 days postoperatively among the three groups (P>0.05).   Conclusion  Remimazolam used for preoperative sedation could reduce the incidence of ED in children undergoing tonsillectomy and (or) adenoidectomy, and had a positive effect on alleviating the preoperative anxiety and preventing NPOBCs

WANG Fei, ZHANG Rui, XU Yong, CHEN Xian, ZHU Yumin. Effect of remimazolam premedication on emergence delirium in children undergoing tonsillectomy and (or)adenoidectomy[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202411036
Citation: WANG Fei, ZHANG Rui, XU Yong, CHEN Xian, ZHU Yumin. Effect of remimazolam premedication on emergence delirium in children undergoing tonsillectomy and (or)adenoidectomy[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Practice and Service. doi: 10.12206/j.issn.2097-2024.202411036
  • 患儿对手术认知水平有限,对父母依赖性高,术前焦虑发生率高于成人,严重的术前焦虑情绪会增加患儿围手术期不良事件发生的风险[1]。有研究表明,术前焦虑的患儿出现苏醒期谵妄(ED)的发生率是非焦虑患儿的6.5倍[2]。根据不同的定义标准,ED的发生率在10%~80%,其中6岁以下患儿的发病率较高[3-4]。ED表现为麻醉苏醒后的意识紊乱、定向障碍、多动和过度敏感[5]。ED不仅会延迟患儿术后恢复和增加医疗费用,还可能会引起患儿远期的认知功能和心理人格障碍[6-7]

    术前给予镇静药物如右美托咪定,可有效减少患儿术前焦虑,从而降低ED发生风险[8-9]。瑞马唑仑是一种新型苯二氮䓬类药物,具有起效快、消除快、恢复时间可预测及呼吸循环抑制轻微等优点[10]。已有研究表明,瑞马唑仑用于全身麻醉可降低七氟烷麻醉后患儿ED发生率[11],但其用于术前镇静对患儿ED影响的证据不足。因此,本研究旨在探索瑞马唑仑用于术前镇静对患儿术后ED的影响,为进一步优化患儿舒适化医疗提供思路和方法。

    • 研究选取2023年7月至2024年9月在厦门大学附属中山医院行扁桃体和(或)腺样体切除术的126例患儿为研究对象,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄3~6岁,BMI在正常范围。排除标准:近期有重大生活变故或有伴有认知功能障碍;近2周内发生上呼吸道感染;对本研究中所用药物过敏;存在术前镇静禁忌证;近期使用镇静剂或镇痛药。剔除标准:监护人要求退出;数据缺失者或失访者。

    • 研究开始前使用计算机生成的随机化表将患儿随机分为3组,分别为瑞马唑仑0.1 mg/kg组(R1组)、瑞马唑仑0.2 mg/kg组(R2组)及生理盐水对照组(P组),将分组结果装入信封,由麻醉护士保管。待确定患儿纳入研究后,麻醉护士打开相应编号信封并配置试验药物,确保研究药物外观和容积相同。进入手术室前30 min,在麻醉准备间提前建立外周静脉通路,并由麻醉医生给予患儿静脉镇静。R1组静脉给予瑞马唑仑(生理盐水稀释至1 mg/ml)0.1 mg/kg进行术前镇静,R2组静脉给予瑞马唑仑(生理盐水稀释至2 mg/ml)0.2 mg/kg进行术前镇静,P组静脉给予生理盐水作为安慰剂。3种药物均为无色透明溶液,静脉注射用量均为0.1 ml/kg。研究采用双盲设计,麻醉医生、患儿及指标评估人员均不知晓分组情况。

    • 患儿入手术室常规建立ECG、NBP、SpO2和BIS监测。麻醉诱导给予丙泊酚2 mg/kg、芬太尼2 µg/kg和顺阿曲库铵0.1~0.2 mg/kg。麻醉维持采用瑞芬太尼0.2~0.3 µg/(kg·min)和七氟烷3%~5%,使BIS值维持在40~60范围内。术中给予地塞米松0.1 mg/kg和昂丹司琼0.1 mg/kg,以预防术后恶心、呕吐。术毕停止给予七氟烷和瑞芬太尼。

    • 基线指标:3组患儿的一般情况(年龄、BMI、ASA分级)、麻醉准备间的改良耶鲁术前焦虑量表(m-YPAS)和手术时长。主要结局指标:患儿苏醒期ED发生率。麻醉苏醒后10、20和30 min评估患儿麻醉苏醒谵妄评分量表(PAED)和 FLACC评分。当PAED评分≥10分且FLACC评分<4分,可直接诊断为ED。当PAED评分≥10分且FLACC评分≥4分,则在给予0.5 μg/kg芬太尼后5 min重新评估PAED评分(重新评估时不再考虑FLACC评分)。患儿诊断为ED且安抚无效时,麻醉医生可根据需要给予丙泊酚1 mg/kg干预。次要结局指标:①患儿进入手术室时的PSAS评分;②麻醉诱导时ICC评分;③ED时丙泊酚干预率;④FLACC最大值,将FLACC评分≥4分定义为术后疼痛;⑤术中及术后出现的不良反应发生率,包括心动过缓(心率<50次/min)、低氧血症(SPO2<90%)、恶心呕吐、喉痉挛等;⑥术后1 、7 和30 d电话随访患儿父母,通过日间手术住院后行为问卷(PHBQ)评估患儿术后不良行为改变(NPOBCs)的发生率。

    • 本研究预试验R1、R2、P组ED发生率分别为10%、10%、40%,假设α取0.05,1-β取0.9,采用PASS15计算得总样本量102例,考虑到20%脱落率,最终共纳入126例患者,每组各42例。采用SPSS26.0软件进行数据分析,正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差($\bar x $±s)表示,组间比较采用两独立样本t检验;非正态分布的计量资料以中位数(四分位数)[M(Q1,Q3)]表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料以比例(%)表示,比较采用χ²检验或Fisher确切概率法。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

    • 本研究共纳入受试患儿126例,其中2例因监护人要求退出试验,3例因数据缺失和2例因失访而被剔除研究,最终纳入患儿119例,分别为R1组41例,R2组38例,P组40例。3组患儿一般资料(年龄、ASA分级、BMI)均无统计学差异(P>0.05),见表1

      组别 n 年龄(岁) 男/女(n ASA(Ⅰ/Ⅱ) BMI(kg/m2 m-YPAS 手术时长(t/min)
      R1组 41 4.7±1.4 25/16 39/2 16.5±2.3 28.0(22.3, 43.4) 21.2±11.3
      R2组 38 4.6±1.5 23/15 37/1 16.8±2.8 32.3(26.7, 48.1) 20.8±10.9
      P组 40 4.8±1.6 26/14 38/2 16.6±2.5 30.2(25.4, 45.5) 21.7±11.5
    • R1组和R2组苏醒期PAED最大值、ED发生率和丙泊酚补救率均低于P组(P<0.05),且R2组苏醒期PAED最大值、ED发生率和丙泊酚补救率低于R1组(P<0.05),见表2

      组别例数PAED最大值ED(n,%)丙泊酚补救(n,%)
      R1组417.5(5.0, 9.0)*10(24.4) *8(19.5) *
      R2组386.0(4.5, 8.0)*#4(10.5)*#3(7.9)*#
      P组409.0(7.0, 12.0)17(42.5)15(37.5)
      *P<0.05,与P组比较;#P<0.05,与R1组比较。
    • R1组和R2组进入手术室时的PSAS评分和麻醉诱导时的ICC评分均低于P组(P<0.05),且R2组PSAS评分和ICC评分低于R1组(P<0.05)。3组患儿苏醒时间、苏醒期的FLACC评分和术后疼痛发生率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。

      组别例数(nPASAICC苏醒时间(t/min)FLACC最大值术后疼痛(n,%)
      R1组412.0(1.0, 2.5)*2.0(1.0, 3.0) *14.8±3.00.0(0.0, 2.0)7(17.1)
      R2组381.0(1.0, 2.0)*#1.0(0.0, 1.0)*#15.1±2.90.0(0.0, 2.0)6(15.8)
      P组403.0(2.0, 3.0)4.0(3.0, 5.5)14.6±3.11.0(0.0, 3.0)8(20.0)
      *P<0.05,与P组比较;#P<0.05,与R1组比较。
    • 3组患儿术中、术后不良事件发生率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。R1组和R2组术后1 d和术后7 d患儿NPOBCs发生率低于P组(P<0.05),但3组患儿术后30 d的NPOBCs发生率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。

      组别 例数(n 术中及术后不良反应(n,%) NPOBCs(n,%)
      心动过缓 低氧血症 恶心和呕吐 喉痉挛 合计 术后1 d 术后7 d 术后30 d
      R1组 41 1(2.4) 2(4.9) 2(4.9) 2(4.9) 7(17.1) 16(39.0) * 10(24.4) * 4(9.8)
      R2组 38 2(5.3) 0(0.0) 1(2.6) 2(5.3) 5(13.2) 13(34.2) * 9(23.7) * 4(10.5)
      P组 40 1(2.5) 1(2.5) 2(5.0) 3(7.5) 7(17.5) 25(62.5) 18(45.0) 6(15.0)
      *P<0.05,与P组比较。
    • 本研究通过随机对照临床试验探究了不同剂量的瑞马唑仑用于术前镇静对全麻下行扁桃体和(或)腺样体切除术患儿术后ED的影响,结果表明瑞马唑仑用于术前镇静可以降低ED和NPOBCs的发生率,为以瑞马唑仑丰富患儿舒适化医疗提供了初步的临床证据。

      ED是一种意识状态改变,始于麻醉苏醒,且持续到恢复期早期,表现为麻醉苏醒后的意识紊乱、定向障碍、多动和过度敏感[5]。ED发生率随年龄增长而降低,学龄前儿童比年龄较大儿童更易发生ED[3]。本研究纳入3~6岁患儿作为研究对象以利于观察到瑞马唑仑对ED的影响。采用不同的ED诊断标准对评估ED发生率有一定差异。PAED量表是一种理想、可靠、有效的评分工具,被广泛用于接受手术和检查操作的患儿[12]。研究表明,PAED评分≥10分对诊断ED的敏感性和特异性分别为64%和86%[12]。对PAED量表内部一致性和可靠性的心理测量学评估显示,PAED量表是评价儿童全身麻醉后ED的有效工具[13]

      由于患儿的生理心理发育尚不成熟,对麻醉诱导过程更敏感。粗暴的麻醉诱导可能造成术后镇痛需求、躁动发生率增加,甚至引起术后行为异常、睡眠障碍 [14]。术前镇静能有效降低患儿的心理应激,提高手术麻醉的依从性,增强患儿围术期的舒适化体验。本研究中3组患儿在麻醉准备间时的m-YPAS评分无统计学差异,且均表明患儿存在一定程度的焦虑。在给予不同剂量的瑞马唑仑或生理盐水干预后,R1组和R2组患儿在进入手术室时的PSAS评分和麻醉诱导的ICC评分均低于P组,且R2组优于R1组,说明瑞马唑仑术前镇静可以缓解术前焦虑,增加患儿麻醉诱导时的依从性,从而减少ED发生风险,并且该效果在一定的范围内呈剂量依赖性。

      既往研究表明术前镇静如右美托咪定滴鼻,虽然可以缓解术前焦虑和降低ED发生风险,但同时也可能延长麻醉拔管和苏醒时间[8-9]。在本研究中,瑞马唑仑用于术前镇静并未增加患儿麻醉后苏醒时间,这与既往瑞马唑仑用于患儿术中单次注射镇静的结论一致[11]。瑞马唑仑通过引入酯基,可快速代谢为无活性产物,其终末半衰期明显短于咪达唑仑[15]。因此,瑞马唑仑快速恢复的特点可能尤其适用于行用时短的小手术患儿的术前镇静,未来可在更广泛的患儿群体和手术类型中进一步验证该效果。

      术后疼痛是患儿发生ED潜在的混杂因素,PACU内镇痛不足仍是患儿不易被安抚的最常见原因,远比ED常见[16]。因此,研究在评估ED时必须考虑到疼痛引起的苏醒期躁动(emergence agitation, EA)可能与ED混淆。本研究采用目前临床研究常用的FLACC量表和PAED量表来区分EA和ED。然而,两种量表存在部分重叠,导致区分较为困难。为了尽量减少疼痛对ED诊断的影响,ED的评估和诊断尽可能在患儿完全无痛的条件下进行。本研究中患儿初始PAED评分≥10且FLACC评分≥4时,不可直接诊断为ED,而应在在给药5 min重新评估PAED评分,旨在减轻疼痛对术后ED评估的潜在影响。结果显示,P组的FLACC评分最大值和疼痛发生率稍高于R1组和R2组(虽然该差异不具有统计学意义,P>0.05)。这可能与P组的ED发生率较高有关(部分ED患儿可能同时被误诊为术后疼痛)。

      虽然NPOBCs的发生机制尚不明确,但已被证明与术前焦虑和ED成正相关[17-18]。在本研究的随访中发现R1组和R2组患儿术后1 d和术后7 d的NPOBCs低于P组,可能与瑞马唑仑术前镇静有效缓解患儿焦虑情绪有关。3组患儿术后30 d的NPOBCs无统计学差异可能与该症状的自限性以及干预效应随时间延长而降低有关。

      本研究有一定的局限性:①本研究比较了瑞马唑仑两种给药剂量(0.1 mg/kg和0.2 mg/kg)和生理盐水,但瑞马唑仑用于患儿术前镇静的可靠范围和适宜剂量仍有待明确,并且未设计瑞马唑仑与目前术前镇静常用药物(如口服咪达唑仑和右美托咪定滴鼻)的对比;②本研究为单中心研究且仅纳入扁桃体和(或)腺样体手术患儿,不同医院的医护水平以及手术类型对ED存在一定影响,因此瑞马唑仑用于患儿术前镇静的临床效果仍需进一步探究。

      综上所述,本研究中瑞马唑仑用于术前镇静可以减少扁桃体和(或)腺样体切除术患儿ED发生率,且0.2 mg/kg瑞马唑仑效果更显著,对缓解患儿术前焦虑和预防NPOBCs有积极作用,为进一步优化患儿舒适化医疗提供了思路和方法。

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