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代谢相关脂肪性肝病(MASLD)是世界范围内慢性肝病最常见的病因,涵盖了脂肪性肝病的整个谱系。从早期的脂肪变性进展为有损伤和炎症的代谢性脂肪性肝炎(MASH),伴或不伴纤维化,最终都可以发展为肝硬化和肝细胞癌。截止到2021年,全球MASLD的总体患病率已经达到32.4%,目前仍在持续上升[1]。MASLD的发展不仅与肥胖和2型糖尿病(T2DM)密切相关,与肝细胞癌、胰腺癌和子宫癌等癌症的风险增加也相关[2]。
最初人们认为脂肪性肝炎的发展是一种“双重打击”现象。脂肪变性是第一次“打击”,第二次是能够诱导氧化应激的自由基的来源[3]。目前大多数学者认为,可能同时存在胰岛素抵抗、脂肪组织分泌激素、肠道微生物群、营养因素以及遗传和表观遗传因素等多重打击,共同促进肝脏炎症的发生。此外,炎症不总是发生在脂肪变性之后,也可能会导致脂肪变性的发生[4]。
肝活检是诊断MASLD的金标准,但高成本、取样偏倚、不可重复等缺点限制了肝活检在临床的广泛应用。目前尚无美国FDA批准的用于治疗MASLD的药物,因此,熟悉MASLD的诊断和治疗非常重要。本文比较了无创诊断标记物诊断MASLD的准确度,也对当前的药物治疗研究展开了讨论。
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细胞角蛋白18 (CK-18)是细胞凋亡的标志物,在细胞凋亡途径中被半胱天冬酶切割。MASH患者血清明显升高的CK-18使其成为区分单纯脂肪变性和MASH的候选生物标记物。细胞角蛋白18-M30片段(CK18-M30)和细胞角蛋白18-M65片段(CK18-M65)诊断MASH的准确性为0.75和0.82,CK18-M65的诊断准确性更高[5]。然而,单独使用CK-18不能很好的区分单纯脂肪变性和MASH,将CK18-M30、成纤维细胞生长因子2、白细胞介素1受体拮抗剂、上皮衍生因子和骨保护素联合使用能够显著提高MASH的诊断准确性[6]。Cao等[7]建立了预测MASH的新模型,将谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、血小板、CK-18和甘油三酯(TG)结合起来,诊断准确性为0.92。
巨噬细胞来源的凝集素样蛋白2结合蛋白(Mac-2BP)是胆汁分泌的糖蛋白之一,诊断MASH患者的准确性为0.816[8]。Mac-2BP会随着肝脏炎症和纤维化进展而升高,是MASH诊断和MASLD患者纤维化分期预测的生物标志物。岩藻糖基化触珠蛋白和Mac-2BP可以分别预测肝细胞球囊化和纤维化,它们构建的逻辑回归模型诊断MASH的准确性为0.85[9]。Mac-2BP糖基化异构体(M2BPGi)和纤维化4指数(FIB-4)联合使用能够弥补各自在预测MASH时的弱点,具有较高的阳性预测值[10]。
ALT反应被定义为ALT较基线降低30%以上或ALT水平低于40 IU/L,反映了组织学改善。有报道称,ALT反应是MASLD活动性评分减少或纤维化消退的最佳预测指标,但25%的单纯脂肪变性患者和19%的MASH患者血清ALT水平处于正常范围[11],这些患者与ALT水平升高的单纯脂肪变性患者组织学谱无显著差异[12]。因此,单独使用ALT不是诊断MASLD或区分单纯脂肪变性和MASH的理想生物标志物。尽管如此,ALT水平正常的单纯脂肪变性患者患MASH和晚期纤维化的风险较低[13]。
表 1 与MASH诊断相关的生物标志物和评分系统
标记物名称 准确性 敏感性(%) 特异性(%) 研究人群 CK18-M30 0.75 5 815名MASLD患者[5] CK18-M65 0.82 5 815名MASLD患者[5] ALT、血小板、CK-18和TG 0.92 89.0 86.0 139名MASLD患者+51名健康成年[7] Mac-2BP 0.82 127名MASLD患者[8] 岩藻糖基化触珠蛋白和Mac-2BP 0.85 81.1 79.3 124名MASLD患者[9] ALT、种族和基线低密度脂蛋白 0.91 95.0 82.0 146名MASLD患者[14] ALT、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶和脂蛋白A 0.83 86名MASLD患者[15] III型前胶原N端肽 0.85-0.87 172名MASLD患者[16] MASH评分 0.79 77.4 70.7 318名因疑似MASLD接受肝活检的受试者[17] MASH ClinLipMet 评分 0.87 85.5 72.1 318名因疑似MASLD接受肝活检的受试者[17] -
FIB-4评分、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶与血小板计数比值指数(APRI评分)、MASLD纤维化(NFS)评分和BARD评分是几种区分晚期纤维化的简单评分系统,诊断MASLD患者纤维化的准确性分别为0.84、0.77、0.76和0.84。FIB-4评分和NFS可能是检测晚期纤维化的最佳预测指标[18],临床上可以用来排除MASLD患者晚期纤维化。FIB-4和APRI评分在成人MASLD患者纤维化诊断中具有较高的阳性预测值,能够减少肝活检的筛查次数[19]。M2BPGi与FIB-4评分联合使用可以排除肝纤维化以外的疾病导致的血小板计数减少和谷草转氨酶(AST)水平升高,这些参数会使FIB-4指数预测失效[10]。
尽管如此,FIB-4评分和NFS对超过65岁的患者晚期纤维化的诊断特异性极低,具有较高的假阳性率和不确定的范围评分[20],不能预测MASLD患者显著纤维化合并症糖尿病的发生[21]、APRI评分对晚期纤维化的诊断特异性相对较低、BARD评分在非肥胖患者中的可重复性小[22],这些缺点限制了它们的临床使用。因此,新的评分系统不断被开发。
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III型胶原前肽(PRO-C3)是Ⅲ型胶原形成的标记物,也是预测成人纤维化分期强有力的因子,在肾纤维化、肺纤维化、慢性丙型肝炎相关纤维化和T2DM中均有相关研究。Daniels及其同事发现,PRO-C3是MASLD纤维化分期的独立预测因子,与简单的临床变量如年龄、糖尿病和血小板计数相结合建立的ADAPT评分在识别MASLD和晚期纤维化时优于APRI、FIB-4和MASLD纤维化评分[23-24]。Boyle等[25]也建立了包括PRO-C3在内的FIBC3评分,诊断准确性与ADAPT评分相似,优于单独使用的PRO-C3、FIB-4和其他类似评分系统。其简化版本的ABC3D评分拥有相当的诊断准确性,更易在临床中广泛使用。
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FibroMeter诊断MASLD患者显著纤维化的准确性为0.85[26],它的不同版本FibroMeter 第二代版本(V2G)、FibroMeter 振动控制瞬时弹性成像(VCTE)和FibroMeter MASLD也被用于MASLD的临床诊断,FibroMeter VCTE的诊断准确率最高[27]。虽然FibroMeter MASLD是专门针对MASLD构建的,但在诊断MASLD患者晚期纤维化时FibroMeter V2G的效果更好[27]。
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原始欧洲肝纤维化(OELF)评分可与肝活检联合使用以评估慢性肝病,它的简化版本增强型肝纤维化(ELF)评分在诊断MASLD患者纤维化时有相似的诊断准确性。此外,与年龄、身体质量指数、是否患有糖尿病或空腹血糖受损、AST/ALT比率、血小板和白蛋白等参数组成的简单评分系统相结合能使ELF评分的诊断性能更高[28]。ELF评分诊断MASLD患者纤维化的准确率与FibroMeter V2G相似,高于NFS和FIB-4评分[29]。
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HepaMet纤维化评分(HFS)不会受患者年龄、身体质量指数、糖尿病或高转氨血症的影响,是唯一能够预测MASLD患者显著纤维化合并T2DM出现的无创检测方法,能够将FIB-4评分和NFS的结果不确定患者数量从30%降低到20% [20,30]。HFS与肝脏硬度测量结合能够将其预测晚期纤维化的不确定结果和误分类率各降低一半[31],与瞬时弹性成像之间的逐步算法允许在50%的MASLD患者中检测晚期纤维化,诊断准确率超过98%[32]。有学者认为,即使HFS的高阴性预测值可以用于排除晚期纤维化,但与其他评分系统相比并没有明显的优势,它的阳性预测值在成人和儿童MASLD患者纤维化中都没有达到可以诊断的程度[33-34]。关于HFS的作用及其联合诊断问题应进一步探索。
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FibroTest(FT)评分预测MASLD患者纤维化分期的准确率高于FIB-4和BARD,但不显著高于NFS[35]。2016年,EASL临床指南认为,FT评分在排除MASLD患者显著纤维化方面具有可接受的诊断准确性[36]。然而,一项基于更多研究的系统综述认为,其在诊断MASLD患者显著纤维化和晚期纤维化方面性能有限[37],需进一步设计实验评估FT评分的性能。FT评分参数在技术上存在分析可变性和可转移性,这是使用FT评分时存在的主要问题。虽然国际临床化学联合会已经对FT评分中的巨球蛋白α2, 结合珠蛋白和载脂蛋A1进行了标准化,提高了分析效果,但仍存在潜在原因导致FT评分中蛋白质测量结果有差异,需要一套有利的控制程序来监测蛋白质测定的分析性能,确保结果的准确性。
表 2 与晚期纤维化预测相关的评分系统
评分系统 准确性 截止点 敏感性(%) 特异性(%) 研究人群 FIB-4 0.72 >2.0 75.0 65.0 61名MASLD患者>65岁[20] 0.84 >2.67
和>3.2526.6
31.896.5
96.08245 名MASLD患者[18]APRI 0.77 <1.0
和>1.550.0
18.384.0
96.16877 名MASLD患者[18]NFS 0.72 >0.12 71.0 68.0 61名MASLD患者> 65 岁[20] 0.84 <−1.455 72.0 70.0 9392 名MASLD患者[18]BARD 0.76 <2 76.0 61.0 7791 名MASLD患者[18]ADAPT 0.87 281名MASLD患者[23] 0.80 >6.16 78.0 69.0 517名MASLD患者[24] FIBC3 0.89/0.83 449名MASLD患者[25] ABC3D 0.88/0.81 449名MASLD患[25] FibroMeter 0.85 151名MASLD患者[26] FibroMeter V2G 0.89 83.0 84.0 1576 名MASLD患者[27]FibroMeter MASLD 0.82 0.59 65.0 86.0 1616 名MASLD患者[27]FibroMeter VCTE 0.94 0.67 70.0 93.0 1546 名MASLD患者[27]ELF 0.90 186名MASLD患者[29] HFS 0.68
0.63<0.12
和>0.4776.7
36.759.9
90.1222名MASLD患者[33] Hepascore 0.81 0.37 75.5 84.1 242名MASLD患者[38] Fibro Test 0.80 0.47 60.8 89.8 242名MASLD患者[38] 0.77 0.30 72.0 69.0 2103 名MASLD患者[37] -
尽管上述血清标记物和评分系统已经表现出了较好的前景,但目前这些方法都没有得到监管机构的批准,也不能准确反映MASLD病理生理的复杂性。近年来,蛋白质组学、代谢组学、基因组学和肠道微生物组学等分子鉴定方法在MASLD诊断和晚期纤维化中展现出了较好的前景。此外,基于人工智能和机器学习的方法也被逐渐开发出来,机器学习算法能更精确的结合多种风险因素进行大量分析,发现各个变量之间的细微变化进行预测,尤其是在分析高维数据时[39]。
Noninvasive diagnosis and pharmacotherapy of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: new perspectives and future perspectives
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摘要: 代谢相关脂肪性肝病(MASLD)是全球最常见的慢性肝病,从单纯性脂肪变性进展到有损伤和炎症的代谢性脂肪性肝炎(MASH),有或没有纤维化,最后都可进展为肝硬化和肝细胞癌,影响了世界上约25%人的健康。肝活检是鉴别MASH与脂肪变性、评估晚期纤维化的金标准,但昂贵性、侵入性和取样偏倚等缺点促使了无创诊断技术的发展。此外,目前美国FDA尚无批准的用于治疗MASLD的药物。该综述主要列举了有潜力替代肝活检的无创诊断标记物,讨论了目前MASLD的治疗选择,临床试验设计旨在评估单一药物或联合疗法阻止或逆转疾病进展的疗效和安全性,期望能为MASLD的临床诊断和药物治疗提供新的思路。Abstract: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease globally, encompassing the entire spectrum of fatty liver pathogenesis. It progresses from simple steatosis to metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), involving injury and inflammation, with or without fibrosis, ultimately leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which affects approximately a quarter of the world's population. Liver biopsy remains the gold standard for differentiating MASH from steatosis and assessing advanced fibrosis. However, its limitations, including costliness, invasiveness, and sampling bias, have spurred the development of noninvasive diagnostic techniques. In addition, there are no FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of MASLD. Enumerating noninvasive diagnostic markers that have the potential to replace liver biopsy were summarized, and the current treatment options for MASLD were discussed, with clinical trials designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of single agents or combination therapies to halt or reverse disease progression, which could provide new insights for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of MASLD.
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表 1 与MASH诊断相关的生物标志物和评分系统
标记物名称 准确性 敏感性(%) 特异性(%) 研究人群 CK18-M30 0.75 5 815名MASLD患者[5] CK18-M65 0.82 5 815名MASLD患者[5] ALT、血小板、CK-18和TG 0.92 89.0 86.0 139名MASLD患者+51名健康成年[7] Mac-2BP 0.82 127名MASLD患者[8] 岩藻糖基化触珠蛋白和Mac-2BP 0.85 81.1 79.3 124名MASLD患者[9] ALT、种族和基线低密度脂蛋白 0.91 95.0 82.0 146名MASLD患者[14] ALT、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶和脂蛋白A 0.83 86名MASLD患者[15] III型前胶原N端肽 0.85-0.87 172名MASLD患者[16] MASH评分 0.79 77.4 70.7 318名因疑似MASLD接受肝活检的受试者[17] MASH ClinLipMet 评分 0.87 85.5 72.1 318名因疑似MASLD接受肝活检的受试者[17] 表 2 与晚期纤维化预测相关的评分系统
评分系统 准确性 截止点 敏感性(%) 特异性(%) 研究人群 FIB-4 0.72 >2.0 75.0 65.0 61名MASLD患者>65岁[20] 0.84 >2.67
和>3.2526.6
31.896.5
96.08245 名MASLD患者[18]APRI 0.77 <1.0
和>1.550.0
18.384.0
96.16877 名MASLD患者[18]NFS 0.72 >0.12 71.0 68.0 61名MASLD患者> 65 岁[20] 0.84 <−1.455 72.0 70.0 9392 名MASLD患者[18]BARD 0.76 <2 76.0 61.0 7791 名MASLD患者[18]ADAPT 0.87 281名MASLD患者[23] 0.80 >6.16 78.0 69.0 517名MASLD患者[24] FIBC3 0.89/0.83 449名MASLD患者[25] ABC3D 0.88/0.81 449名MASLD患[25] FibroMeter 0.85 151名MASLD患者[26] FibroMeter V2G 0.89 83.0 84.0 1576 名MASLD患者[27]FibroMeter MASLD 0.82 0.59 65.0 86.0 1616 名MASLD患者[27]FibroMeter VCTE 0.94 0.67 70.0 93.0 1546 名MASLD患者[27]ELF 0.90 186名MASLD患者[29] HFS 0.68
0.63<0.12
和>0.4776.7
36.759.9
90.1222名MASLD患者[33] Hepascore 0.81 0.37 75.5 84.1 242名MASLD患者[38] Fibro Test 0.80 0.47 60.8 89.8 242名MASLD患者[38] 0.77 0.30 72.0 69.0 2103 名MASLD患者[37] -
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