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随着全球气候变暖、生态环境恶化,蚊媒传染病的自然疫源区在不断扩大,疾病的流行频度也在不断增强,蚊媒传染病的发病率呈现出上升趋势[1]。蚊媒传染病是严重危害人类健康的公共安全问题,其中登革热是中国,也是全球最严重的蚊媒传染病。全球平均每年有3.9亿人感染登革热[2],中国2019年登革热的发病率为1.5888/10万,总发病人数达22188例。除此之外,疟疾[3]、流行性乙型脑炎、黄热病、寨卡病毒病等蚊媒传染病频繁的局部爆发也给地区公共卫生安全带来了巨大的压力[4]。再者,边防线上的广大指战员,因作战需要长时间驻守野外,蚊子的袭击对部队的作战和休息有极大影响。因此,世界各国军队均重视驱蚊剂的研究开发。
减少蚊子数量、阻止蚊子叮咬和使用疫苗等是控制蚊媒传染病的主要手段。经过数十年杀虫剂的使用,蚊子对于杀虫剂的抵抗力明显增强。同时,杀虫剂引发的生态环境问题也让其应用受到限制。驱蚊剂又称为避蚊剂、驱避剂,1954年Mecabe等第一次提出驱蚊剂的概念。研究显示,几乎所有蚊虫驱避剂都是通过影响蚊虫的嗅觉感知机制来诱导蚊虫的驱避行为。蚊虫的气味受体包括一个与气味分子特异结合的嗅觉受体(ORx)和一个共受体(Orco),二者形成ORx-Orco复合结构[5]。驱避剂能够抑制气味引发的ORx介导的电流,或者充当“掩饰剂”,通过改变人体气味的化学特征来降低ORx的反应[6]。另外,一些新型驱避剂(如VUAA1)能够直接激活 Orco 而不是单独激活某个ORx,使蚊虫丧失对血液和其他气味的分辨力从而无法识别人体位置。
理想的驱蚊产品应对多种蚊子具有趋避作用且驱避效果好、时间长;对人体安全性高、无刺激性且又对环境友好。市售驱蚊产品主要是用于皮肤表面的涂抹类产品,国内使用最多的为驱蚊花露水,占国内驱蚊剂市场比例的50%以上。驱蚊活性成分按其来源可分为天然驱蚊活性成分和化学合成驱蚊活性成分。天然驱蚊剂大多来源于植物,化学合成驱蚊活性成分是人工合成的有蚊子驱避作用的化学物质。避蚊胺或驱蚊酯作为国际公认的高效化学驱蚊成分,常出现在各类花露水中[7]。
新技术的应用在一定程度上改善了现有驱蚊剂的刺激性、皮肤渗透性、作用时间短等问题。同时,随着制剂技术的不断发展,以纳米技术为支撑的一系列新型驱蚊剂不断涌现,纳米与纺织技术的结合也为新型驱蚊产品的设计提供了新方法。
本文介绍了天然驱蚊活性成分、化学合成驱蚊活性成分及相关制剂的发展情况,为新型驱蚊剂的研发提供参考。
Advances in mosquito repellents
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摘要: 蚊子是多种疾病的生物媒介,蚊媒传染病在热带地区是严重的公共卫生问题。随着蚊子对杀虫剂抗药性的日益严重,使得对蚊媒传染病的控制逐渐变得困难。驱蚊剂的应用不仅能够在一定程度上控制蚊媒传染病的传播,还能够减少杀虫剂使用,缓解所带来的环境压力。对近年来新型驱蚊剂的研究进展进行介绍和总结,以期为驱蚊剂的进一步发展提供参考。Abstract: Mosquitoes are the biological vectors of many diseases. Mosquito-borne infectious diseases are serious public health problems in tropical areas. With the increasing resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides, it becomes difficult to control mosquito-borne infectious diseases. The application of mosquito repellents can not only control the spread of mosquito-borne infectious diseases to a certain extent, but also reduce the use of insecticides and relieve the environmental pressure. This paper introduces and summarizes the research progresses of new mosquito repellents in recent years to provide reference resource for the further development of mosquito repellents.
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Key words:
- mosquito repellent /
- mosquito-borne infectious disease /
- present situation /
- prospect
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